Fig. 1.

Working model for COVID-19 immunopathogenesis and related immunomodulatory treatments. Acronyms: SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome, SIRS severe inflammatory response syndrome, sHLH secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, MAS macrophage activation syndrome, CRS cytokine release syndrome, KICS Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome, COVID-19 coronavirus disease-19, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation