EXHIBIT 2. Flow of funds (billions) for development assistance for health from sources to both channels and health focus areas, 1990–2016.

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2016 development assistance for health database. NOTES Channels are disbursing agencies. Values are totals for the study period, in billions of 2015 US dollars. Each column disaggregates the total development assistance for health disbursed in the period, which was US$536.1 billion. The sources are explained in the Notes to Exhibit 1. The channels include UN agencies (including the UN Children’s Fund, UN Population Fund, Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS, Pan American Health Organization, and World Health Organization); development banks (including the World Bank International Development Association, the World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank); Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. The health focus areas include supporting health system strengthening and sectorwide approaches (HSS/SWAps); “other areas” (which captures development assistance for health for which we have project-level information but that is not identified as funding any of the health focus areas tracked); and “unidentified” (which captures assistance for which no project-level information is available and health focus areas cannot be determined). NGO is nongovernmental organization.