Table 1. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression predictors of CDI among studied patients.
| Epidemiological characteristics | Univariate analysis | p-value | Multivariate analysis | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Children | ||||
| <2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2–11 | 1.31 (0.55–3.07) | 0.532 | 1.186 (0.49–2.84) | 0.479 |
| 12–18 | 1.38 (0.54–3.51) | 0.489 | 1.41 (0.54–3.71) | 0.033 |
| Adult | ||||
| 19–64 | 2.40 (1.10–5.22) | 0.027 | 2.42 (1.07–5.47) | 0.011 |
| Elderly | ||||
| 65–74 | 2.94 (1.28–6.71) | 0.010 | 3.06 (1.29–7.21) | 0.029 |
| 75–84 | 2.68 (1.14–6.31) | 0.023 | 2.68 (1.1.10–6.51) | 0.001 |
| ≥85 | 4.37 (1.75–10.90) | 0.002 | 4.70 (1.81–12.18) | 0.701 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 0.876 (0.73–1.04) | 0.145 | 0.897 (0.74–1.08) | 0.255 |
| Stool consistency | ||||
| Watery | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Loose | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 0.066 | 0.82 (0.67–0.99) | 0.04 |
| Mucous-filled | 1.42 (0.29–6.8) | 0.659 | 1.77 (0.33–9.3) | 0.497 |
| Formed | 1.43 (0.82–2.49) | 0.197 | 1.44 (0.81–2.5) | 0.206 |
| Medication exposure | ||||
| Antimicrobials | ||||
| Consumed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not-consumed | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 0.780 | 0.87 (0.68–1.13) | 0.317 |
| Unknown | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | 0.925 | |
| IBD drugs | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Immunosuppressant | 1.07 (0.44–2.60) | 0.874 | 1.09 (0.44–2.72) | 0.842 |
| Corticosteroids | 0.38 (0.15–0.94) | 0.038 | 0.44 (0.17–1.12) | 0.087 |
| Anti-TNF | 0.32 (0.38–2.70) | 0.297 | 0.36 (0.42–3.09) | 0.355 |
| Corticosteroids + immunosuppressant | 0.5 (0.17–1.46) | 0.207 | 0.48 (0.16–1.46) | 0.199 |
| Corticosteroids + anti-inflammatory | 0.41 (0.08–1.98) | 0.270 | 0.34 (0.07–1.67) | 0.187 |
| Anti-inflammatory + immunosuppressant | 0.77 (0.22–2.60) | 0.678 | 0.72 (0.21–2.48) | 0.613 |
| Corticosteroids + anti-inflammatory + immunosuppressant | 0.26 (0.03–2.17) | 0.215 | 0.25 (0.03–2.11) | 0.205 |
| Chemotherapeutic agents | 1.20 (0.37–3.85) | 0.749 | 1.96 (0.53–7.24) | 0.312 |
| Duration of diarrhea | ||||
| 2–3 days | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| <1 day | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 0.263 | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) | 0.305 |
| 1 day | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 0.302 | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) | 0.434 |
| >3 days | 0.93 (0.77–1.14) | 0.539 | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) | 0.5599 |
| Defecation (times/day) | ||||
| 3–5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1–2 | 1.34 (0.68–2.62) | 0.388 | 1.29 (0.64–2.5) | 0.471 |
| 5–8 | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 0.260 | 1.11 (0.9–1.37) | 0.312 |
| 8–10 | 1.38 (0.81–2.35) | 0.229 | 1.55 (0.89–2.69) | 0.114 |
| >10 | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 0.403 | 1.03 (0.83–1.38) | 0.832 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Digestive system diseases | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Respiratory system disease | 0.96 (0.58–1.57) | 0.876 | 1.13 (0.65–1.94) | 0.658 |
| Circulatory system disease | 0.42 (0.51–1.65) | 0.046 | 0.54 (0.22–1.22) | 0.170 |
| Genitourinary system disease | 0.92 (0.51–1.65) | 0.791 | 1.04 (0.54–2) | 0.893 |
| Endocrine disease | 1.85 (1.14–3) | 0.012 | 2.2 (1.32–3.99) | 0.003 |
| Blood cancer | 0.59 (0.44–0.79) | 0.001 | 1.07 (0.66–1.72) | 0.772 |
| Solid cancer | 0.43 (0.1–1.83) | 0.255 | 0.59 (0.13–2.63) | 0.494 |
| Immunodeficiency disorder | 1.17 (0.58–2.37) | 0.643 | 2.14 (0.97–4.68) | 0.057 |
| Neurological disorder | 1 (0.65–1.55) | 0.978 | 1.31 (0.78–2.19) | 0.297 |
| Skin disorder | 4.95 (0.69–35.26) | 0.110 | 12.8 (1.09–151.84) | 0.043 |
| Fever with unknown cause | 0.75 (0.41–1.37) | 0.359 | 0.80 (0.43–1.49) | 0.489 |
| Allergic disorder | 4.95 (0.30–79.35) | 0.258 | 5.88 (0.34–99.85) | 0.220 |
| Surgical procedure | 1.55 (0.78–3.09) | 0.206 | 1.95 (0.91–4.20) | 0.085 |
| Accident | 2.47 (0.22–27.37) | 0.460 | 4.93 (0.40–59.73) | 0.210 |
| Others | 1.23 (0.56–2.70) | 0.592 | 2.09 (0.84–5.16) | 0.109 |
| Hospital wards | ||||
| Gastroenterology | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Infectious disease | 1 (0.71–1.4) | 0.981 | 1.37 (0.92–2.04) | 0.117 |
| Internal | 0.91 (0.68–1.2) | 0.521 | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) | 0.956 |
| Surgery | 1.12 (0.72–1.74) | 0.586 | 1.00 (0.61–1.65) | 0.975 |
| Intensive care unit (ICU) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.300 | 0.71 (0.45–1.14) | 0.161 |
| Pediatrics | 0.86 (0.35 –2.09) | 0.754 | 1.19 (0.43–3.33) | 0.729 |
| Oncology | 0.73 (0.52–1.01) | 0.064 | 0.88 (0.53–1.45) | 0.621 |
| Coronary care unit (CCU) | 1.19 (0.54–2.62) | 0.660 | 0.87 (0.37–2.05) | 0.762 |
| Urology | 2.46 (0.73–8.2) | 0.145 | 3.04 (0.84–11.03) | 0.090 |
| Gynecology | 0.98 (0.43–2.24) | 0.970 | 0.38 (0.38–2.19) | 0.848 |
| Endocrinology | 1.89 (0.66–5.36) | 0.230 | 1.35 (0.44–4.17) | 0.596 |
| Nephrology | 0.91 (0.47–1.77) | 0.798 | 0.78 (0.36–1.67) | 0.528 |
| Bone marrow transplant (BMT) | 0.30 (0.16–0.55) | 0.001 | 0.37 (0.17–0.79) | 0.010 |
| Orthopedics | 0.82 (0.23–2.80) | 0.752 | 0.41 (0.10–1.65) | 0.211 |
| Psychiatrics | 3.93 (1.04–14.78) | 0.042 | 3.47 (0.83–14.40) | 0.086 |
| Cardiology | 1.03 (0.34–3.07) | 0.949 | 1.11 (0.35–3.52) | 0.853 |
| General medicine | 1.96 (0.37–10.21) | 0.420 | 1.93 (0.35–10.48) | 0.442 |
| Out-patients | 1.51 (1.09–2.08) | 0.012 | 1.67 (1.19–2.33) | 0.002 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Leukocytosis | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 0.116 | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 0.626 |
| Neutropenia | 0.64 (0.46–0.87) | 0.006 | 0.89 (0.61–1.29) | 0.551 |
CDI, Clostridioides difficile infection; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. We first used the univariate analysis to select candidate variables (with p-value below 0.25) to perform multivariable logistic regression analysis. An OR with a 95% CI was calculated for all associations analyzed. Generally, statistical significance was declared for p-value less than 0.05 as shown in bold. Data were analyzed with ggplot2 and plotly R software packages.