Table 3. Targets of pathogenic viruses for development of specific aptamers.

Type of viruses	Aptamer	Target	Method
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [11]	HIV ssDNA aptamer	HIV-1 gene	Molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemi- luminescence sensor
HIV [28]	AntiTat	HIV-TAT protein	Spectroscopic ellipsometer
Hepatitis B virus [30]	A thiol-modified aptamer against HBsAg	HBsAg	Chemiluminescent aptamer-sensor based on rapid magnetic separation
Hepatitis C virus [32]	Core-specific DNA aptamer	HCV core antigen	Electrochemical aptamer sensor based on graphene quantum dots
Hepatitis C virus [33]	HCVcp ssDNA aptamer	HCVcp	A plasmonic nanoplatform
Human papillomavirus [34]	HPV16 L1 ssRNA aptamer	HPV16 L1 protein	The laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry method
Human papillomavirus [35]	HPV-07	HPV16 virus-like particle (VLP)	Slow abscission rate-modified DNA aptamer
Influenza [37]	NP-specific aptamer, CTnI-specific aptamer	Influenza nucleoprotein (NP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI).	Paper-based transverse flow immunoassay (LFIA) using sandwich immunoassay
SARS-CoV [43]	ssDNA	nucleocapsid protein	Aptamer-based Western blot analysis
Norovirus [40,41]	Aptamer-6-FAM, Bt-Apt-Fc	norovirus capsid protein, VP1,	Paper-based microfluidic device or microfluidic platform integrated with graphene-gold nano-composite aptasensor
SARS-CoV-2	Not available	Spike protein	To be developed