Table 1.
Viral abatement efficacy of Cl based disinfectants (with particular focus on coronavirus or surrogate coronavirus).
| Cl based disinfectants | Viral abatement | Experimental medium | Dose and effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypochlorite | Canine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus | Suspension | Effective at 10 and 100 ppm concentration, contact period: 10 min | Saknimit et al., 1988 |
| SARS-CoV | Wastewater | Complete inactivation At 10 mg l − 1 Cl (FAC >0.4 mg l − 1), contact period: 30 min At 20 mg l − 1 Cl, contact period: 1 min |
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| SARS-CoV-2 | Septic tank | At 800–6700 g m − 3, contact period 1.5 h | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| SARS-CoV surrogate (mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) | Surface | At 1:100 solution 0.35 log reduction in 1 min for TGEV 0.62 log reduction in 1 min for MHV |
Hulkower et al., 2011 | |
| Human coronavirus 229E | Surface | 3 log reduction at a minimum free Cl level of 5000 ppm, contact time: 1 min | Sattar et al., 1989 | |
| SARS-CoV | Incubation in Disinfectant solution | 3 log reduction, at a concentration of 0.05 and 0.1% contact period:5 min | Lai et al., 2005 | |
| SARS-CoV | Incubation in Disinfectant solution | Complete inactivation at 0.05%, contact time: less than 1 min | Ansaldi et al., 2004 | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Suspension | For 4 log reduction, at 0.21%, contact period: 1 min | Kampf, 2020 | |
| Surrogates of norovirus (feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and coliphage (MS2)) | Surface | 3 log reduction at 5000 ppm contact time: 1.9 min (FCV), 3.2 min (MNV), 4.5 min (MS2) | Park and Sobsey, 2011 | |
| Surrogates of norovirus (murine norovirus, feline calicivirus) | Surface | 5 log reduction At 2700 ppm, contact period: 1 min | Chiu et al., 2015 | |
| coxsackie virus A16 (CAV16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). | Surface | Complete inactivation At 3120 ppm, contact period: 5 min | Kadurugamuwa and Shaheen, 2011 | |
| Hypochlorous acid | Poliovirus | Wastewater | 99% inactivation by Cl concentration 0.4–0.8 mg l−1 within 22–46 s | Kott et al., 1975 |
| Murine Norovirus | Surface | ≥99.9% (≥3 log10) reductions at 20 to 200 ppm of HOCl solution within 10 min | Park and Sobsey., 2011 | |
| Avian influenza virus H7N1 | Surface | Complete inactivation At 100 & 200 ppm immediately after spraying At 50 ppm, contact time 3 min | Hakim et al., 2015 | |
| Chloramine | Enteric virus | Sewage | 99.7% inactivation At of 0.7 mg l − 1, contact period: minimum 4 hr | Kelly and Sanderson, 1958 |
| coronavirus 229E | Surface | 3 log reduction at a minimum free Cl level of 3000 ppm, contact time: 1 min | Sattar et al., 1989 | |
| Chlorine dioxide | bacteriophage f2, polio 1, echo 1, coxsackie B5, simian and human rotavirus | Sewage effluent | Complete inactivation At 15.25 ppm, contact period: 1 min | Harakeh et al., 1987 |
| SARS-CoV | Wastewater | Complete inactivation At 40 mg l−1 (FAC 2.19 mg l−1), contact period: 30 min | ||
| Feline calicivirus (F9 strain), HAV (strain HM-175), Coxsackie B5 | Water | Complete inactivation FCV: at 0.8 mg l−1: 2 min, at 0.2 mg l−1:30 min Coxsackie: at 0.4 mg l−1: 4 min, at 0.2 mg l−1: 30 min HAV: at 0.8 mg l−: 30 s, at 0.4 mg l−1:5 min |
Zoni et al., 2007 | |
| Influenza A virus | Surface | ≥5log10 reduction by a concentration of 0.14 mg m−3 within 5 h | Morino et al., 2011 | |
| Murine coronavirus A59 | Direct exposure to gas | Concentration 0.16 ppmv/min, 3.5 times reduction after 6 h, No viable virus after 12 h | Kim et al., 2016 | |
| Human influenza virus | Suspension | 99.99% inactivation at 10 ppm, contact period: 15 s | Sanekata et al., 2010 | |
| Free Chlorine | Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 1 (E1), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 | Ground water, Surface water | At 0.2 and 1 mg l−1 Most effective for MNV (3-log10 CT values ≤0.020 to 0.034) Least effective for CVB5 (3-log10 CT values 2.3 to 7.9) |
Kahler et al., 2010 |