Figure 1:
Pathophysiology of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (A) and Portopulmonary Hypertension (B).
ET: endothelin 1; TNF-alpha: tumor necrosis factor- alpha; IL-6: interleukin-6; NO: nitrous oxide; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CO: carbon monoxide; AV: arteriovenous; V-Q mismatch: ventilation-perfusion mismatch; R -> L: right to left. Figure made using BioRender graphics.