TABLE 4.

Level of support designations for the brief, non-pharmacological interventions for anxiety and phobias in youth.

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4	Level 5
	Well-Established	Probably Efficacious	Possibly Efficacious	Experimental	Questionable
Anxiety	None	Exposure-based CBT w/social skills   3 hours [66]  CBT   9 hours [9, 36]   10 hours [4, 33]  Digital parent training w/clinician supporta, d   6 hours [34, 57]  Behavioral therapy   8 hours [59]  Stress inoculation training   8 hours [2]	CBT   8 hours [10]  CBT plus psychoeducation for parents, teachers, and community health workers   7.5 hours [13]  Parent trainingd   6 hours [12]   9 hours [53]  Digital CBT w/clinician supporta   3 hours [14]   5 hours [44]   6 hours [51]   7 hours [18]  Growth mind-set training   0.5 hours [64]  Family-based CBT   8 hours [15, 38]  Parent and teacher trainingd, e   7 hours [6]  Clinician-guided bibliotherapya,b   3 hours [31]   5 hours [31]  ABMt (away from negative)   1920 trials [28]  ABMt (toward positive)   640 trials [32]	CBT   6 hours [7]  Relaxation training   4 hours [1]  Cognitive training   4 hours [1]  Clinician-guided, parent-coached exposurea   6 hours [40]  Digital biofeedback w/relaxation training   6 hours [49]  Digital neurofeedback w/exposure and attention training   5 hours [50]  ABMt (away from negative)   640 trials [43]   768 trials [21]   1152 trials [55]   1600 trials [63]  Bibliotherapy w/no clinician supportc [30]	None
Phobias	In vivo exposure   3 hours [72, 73]	None	Psychoeducation   3 hours [74]  In vivo exposure   1.5 hours [68]  Emotive imagery   4 hours [69]	None	Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)   2.5 hours [70]

Level of Support Designations is described in Table 1. Number in [] refers to the studies as cited in Table 2. ABMt = Attention Bias Modification Training; CBT = Cognitive behavior therapy; dash indicates not enough data to meta-analyze (i.e., at least two studies).

Clinician here broadly refers to any person in a position in which they are delivering these interventions (e.g., clinical psychologists, counselors, social workers, nurses, prevention or behavior specialists, school psychologists).

Overcoming your Child’s Fears and Worries: A Self-help Guide using Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques (Creswell & Willetts, 2007). Helping Your Anxious Child: A Step-by-Step Guide (Rapee et al., 2008).

Focused on teaching cognitive-behavioral skills relevant to managing parent anxiety and/or supporting child in managing their anxiety. Teacher training occurred through in-person and telephone consultation with a clinician.