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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 4.
Published in final edited form as: Photochem Photobiol. 2019 Jan 7;95(1):419–429. doi: 10.1111/php.13066

Figure 2. Schematic showing the mechanistic rationale for targeted PDT using Visudyne in combination with lipid-anchored BPD to enhance killing in monolayer and 3D Cultures of OVCAR5 mCherry and wild-type cells.

Figure 2.

A) Comparison of fluorescence and morphology of OVCAR5 wild-type (top row) and mCherry (bottom row) cells grown in 2D. Cells were stained with DAPI (blue) and imaged for brightfield (grey) and mCherry fluorescence (orange). Scale bar: 50 μm. B) In the 3D culture model, OVCAR5 cells form nodules in growth medium on a Matrigel bed in each well of a 24-well plate. Brightfield and fluorescence images of OVCAR5 wild-type and mCherry grown in 3D are shown. Scale bar: 500 μm. C) mechanism of dual PS-mediated phototoxicity: lipid-anchored BPD liposome is taken up by the cell membrane forming an endosome, which matures into a lysosome. The free BPD from Visudyne enters the cell and localizes primarily to the mitochondria and partially to the endoplasmic reticulum. When irradiated with a single wavelength of light, the low-level lysosomal photodamage enhances mitochondrial-related cell death pathways upon initiation of mitochondrial photodamage.