Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Characteristic | CPE | Non-CP-CRE | U-CRE | All | P Valuef |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 618 (59) | 194 (19) | 228 (22) | 1,040 | |
| region | <0·001 | ||||
| Midwest | 119 (19) | 31 (16) | 24 (11) | 174 (17) | |
| Northeast | 316 (51) | 67 (35) | 70 (31) | 453 (44) | |
| South | 136 (22) | 67 (35) | 105 (46) | 308 (30) | |
| West | 47 (8) | 29 (15) | 29 (13) | 105 (10) | |
| age, median (IQR) | 64 (54, 75) | 64 (53, 75) | 63 (51, 74) | 64 (53, 75) | 0·51 |
| sex, male | 329 (53) | 128 (66) | 127 (56) | 584 (56) | 0·008 |
| race | 0·73 | ||||
| white | 292 (47) | 96 (49) | 103 (45) | 491 (47) | |
| black | 201 (33) | 55 (28) | 79 (35) | 335 (32) | |
| othera | 125 (20) | 43 (22) | 46 (20) | 214 (21) | |
| hispanic ethnicity | 74 (12) | 26 (13) | 25 (11) | 125 (12) | 0·74 |
| CCI, median (IQR)b | 3 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 5) | 0·01 |
| PBS, median (IQR)c | 3 (2, 6) | 3 (1, 6) | 2 (0, 5) | 3 (2, 6) | 0·01 |
| Time to positive culture, days, median (IQR)d | 2 (0, 16) | 11 (1, 30) | 3 (0, 13) | 3 (0, 18) | <0·001 |
| Community onset | 147 (24) | 42 (22) | 63 (28) | 253 (24) | 0·38 |
| admitted frome | <0·001 | ||||
| home | 323 (52) | 127 (65) | 151 (66) | 601 (58) | |
| long-term chronic care | 172 (28) | 23 (12) | 35 (15) | 230 (22) | |
| hospital transfer | 79 (13) | 39 (20) | 34 (15) | 152 (15) | |
| long term acute care | 41 (7) | 3 (2) | 7 (3) | 51 (5) | |
| transferred from foreign country | 3 (<1) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 5 (<1) | |
| hospice | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | |
| hospital | |||||
| tertiary care center | 471 (76) | 162 (84) | 175 (77) | 808 (78) | 0·10 |
| bed number | 0·22 | ||||
| 0–499 | 147 (24) | 54 (28) | 67 (29) | 268 (26) | |
| 500–999 | 189 (31) | 64 (33) | 74 (32) | 327 (31) | |
| 1,000+ | 282 (46) | 76 (39) | 87 (38) | 445 (43) | |
| culture | <0·001 | ||||
| blood: infection | 75 (12) | 25 (13) | 30 (13) | 130 (13) | |
| urine: infection | 84 (14) | 20 (10) | 25 (11) | 129 (12) | |
| urine: colonization | 175 (28) | 39 (20) | 61 (27) | 275 (26) | |
| respiratory: infection | 41 (7) | 15 (8) | 11 (5) | 67 (6) | |
| respiratory: colonization | 129 (21) | 29 (15) | 43 (19) | 201 (19) | |
| wound: infection | 32 (5) | 10 (5) | 17 (7) | 59 (6) | |
| wound: colonization | 41 (7) | 12 (6) | 18 (8) | 71 (7) | |
| intra-abdominal: infection | 19 (3) | 29 (15) | 10 (4) | 58 (6) | |
| other: infection | 2 (<1) | 3 (2) | 1 (<1) | 6 (1) | |
| other: colonization | 20 (3) | 12 (6) | 12 (5) | 44 (4) |
All data is shown as n (%) unless otherwise specified.
Other races included asian (n=40), native Hawaiian/pacific islander (n=3), multi-racial (n=5), and those patients for whom race was not specified in the medical record (n=166) Community onset defined as home origin with first positive culture date less than 3 days from date of admission.
CCI; Charlson comorbidity index. CCI is a chronic comorbidity score with a range from 0 to 37, with higher scores indicating more comorbid conditions present. A patient with a score of 3 could have three level 1 comorbid conditions (e.g. dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure), or one level 1 (e.g. dementia) and one level 2 comorbid condition (e.g. leukemia), or one level 3 condition (moderate or severe liver disease).29
PBS; Pitt bacteremia score. PBS is an acute severity of illness score. Higher scores indicate more severe illness. A patient with a score of 3 would have one level 1 marker (e.g. disoriented mental status) and one level 2 marker of acute illness (e.g. hypotension).30
Time to first positive culture indicates the number of days from admission to the collection date of the index culture, with 0 indicating that the index culture was obtained on the day of admission.
For analysis purposes grouped as home/transferred from foreign country, long term acute care/hospital transfer, and long term chronic care/hospice.
P value comparing distributions where applicable. CPE: carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Non-CP-CRE: non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). U-CRE: unconfirmed CRE. IQR Interquartile range.