Table 3.
Prevalence of increased albuminuria by demographics, socioeconomic position, health behaviours and comorbidities
| ENS 2009–2010 | ENS 2016–2017 | |
| Increased albuminuria* | Increased albuminuria* | |
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
| Age | ||
| 40–64 | 17.0 (13.1 to 21.7) | 11.2 (8.9 to 14.0) |
| 65+ | 21.9 (17.9 to 26.5) | 26.4 (22.2 to 31.1) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 20.0 (16.0 to 24.7) | 12.3 (9.9 to 15.2) |
| Female | 16.8 (13.7 to 20.5) | 18.4 (15.4 to 21.9) |
| Education | ||
| <8 years | 24.1 (19.8 to 29.1) | 21.3 (17.9 to 25.3) |
| 8–12 years | 14.7 (11.6 to 18.4) | 14.1 (11.0 to 17.8) |
| >12 years | 17.2 (10.8 to 26.2) | 10.1 (6.3 to 15.7) |
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 17.7 (15.0 to 20.8) | 15.3 (13.1 to 17.8) |
| Rural | 22.0 (15.5 to 30.2) | 17.0 (13.0 to 22.0) |
| Smoking | ||
| Current | 17.5 (13.0 to 23.0) | 14.2 (10.0 to 19.8) |
| Ex-smoker | 21.4 (16.1 to 28.0) | 15.5 (12.0 to 19.8) |
| Never | 17.2 (13.7 to 21.4) | 16.4 (13.3 to 20.0) |
| BMI† | ||
| Underweight | 17.7 (4.5 to 49.3) | 15.9 (3.5 to 49.3) |
| Normal | 14.6 (9.7 to 21.5) | 14.8 (10.3 to 20.7) |
| Overweight | 15.6 (12.2 to 19.6) | 11.1 (8.6 to 14.1) |
| Obese | 22.7 (18.0 to 28.1) | 19.4 (15.8 to 23.7) |
| Diabetes‡ | ||
| No | 15.9 (13.2 to 19.1) | 11.3 (9.2 to 13.8) |
| Yes | 27.7 (21.2 to 35.2) | 29.2 (23.6 to 35.6) |
| Hypertension§ | ||
| No | 9.4 (6.8 to 12.8) | 6.2 (4.3 to 8.9) |
| Yes | 23.0 (19.5 to 26.9) | 22.5 (19.4 to 25.9) |
*Albuminuria results limited to participants aged 40+ with diabetes and/or hypertension (diagnosed or survey-detected). Albuminuria determined by the urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR, measured in mg/g). Increased albuminuria (A2–A3) considered when ACR ≥30 mg/g.
†Underweight: BMI <18.5 kg/m2; normal weight: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese: BMI ≥30 kg/m2.
‡Diabetes: fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL (≥7.0 mmol/L) and/or self-report of medical diagnosis.
§Hypertension: SBP ≥140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥90 mm Hg, and/or self-report of medical diagnosis.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ENS, Encuesta Nacional de Salud; SBP, systolic blood pressure.