Table 4.
Multilevel mixed-effects regression of counts of mistreatment experienced by women
| Variables | Bivariate model | Model I | Model II | Model III |
| Cβ (95% CI) | Aβ (95% CI) | Aβ (95% CI) | Aβ (95% CI) | |
| (A) Fixed effects | ||||
| (Intercept) | 4.32 (3.60 to 5.12) | 4.82 (3.98 to 5.84)* | 7.18 (3.34 to 15.44) | |
| Intervention group | ||||
| Pre-intervention | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Post-intervention | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.87) | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.87)* | 0.82 (0.74 to 0.91)* | |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Rural | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.22) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.19) | ||
| Age in completed year | ||||
| 15–24 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 25–34 | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.94)* | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.09) | ||
| 35–44 | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.94)* | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.08) | ||
| Age at first pregnancy | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04)* | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Married | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.25) | 0.79 (0.45 to 1.39) | ||
| Separated | 1.24 (0.61 to 2.51) | 1.06 (0.49 to 2.31) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Christian Protestant | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Christian Orthodox | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.04) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.12) | ||
| Christian Catholic | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.38) | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.40) | ||
| Muslim | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.25) | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.31) | ||
| Others | 0.70 (0.54 to 0.93)* | 0.80 (0.60 to 1.07) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Sidama | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Oromo | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.12) | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.19) | ||
| Amhara | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.05) | 0.98 (0.77 to 1.25) | ||
| Wolayita | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.14) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.40) | ||
| Others | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.20) | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.24) | ||
| Educational level | ||||
| No formal education | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Primary education | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.27) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.15) | ||
| Secondary education | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) | ||
| College and above | 1.18 (1.00 to 1.39) | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.38) | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| Housewife | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Private employee | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.35) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.47) | ||
| Government employee | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.16) | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) | ||
| Private business | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.16) | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.27) | ||
| Others | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.41) | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.16) | ||
| Has regular monthly income* | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.04) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.13) | ||
| Total number of births | ||||
| One | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Two or more | 0.76 (0.69 to 0.84)* | 0.86 (0.74 to 1.02) | ||
| Antenatal visit during index pregnancy | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.02) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.22) | ||
| Experienced complication during index pregnancy | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.35 (1.19 to 1.53)* | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.34) | ||
| Experienced complication during index birth | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.16 (1.05 to 1.30)* | 1.16 (1.03 to 1.32)* | ||
| Referral status on admission | ||||
| Referred | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-referred | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.02) | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.21) | ||
| Total hours of stay | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | ||
| Gender of main service provider | ||||
| Female | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Male | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.93 1.16) | ||
| Type of birth | ||||
| Vaginal birth | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Caesarean after trial of vaginal birth | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.90)* | 0.76 (0.63 to 0.92)* | ||
| Caesarean without trial of vaginal birth | 0.67 (0.48 to 0.95)* | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)* | ||
| Had intervention for vaginal birth | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.31 (1.20 to 1.44)* | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.19) | ||
| (B) Random effects | ||||
| Hospital | ||||
| Variance | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.14)* | 0.03 (0.001 to 0.14)* | – | |
| ICC (%) | 12.3 | 13.6 | 9.0 | |
| (C) Model fitness | ||||
| AIC | 1600 | 1577 | 1570 | |
| Log likelihood | −798 | −786 | −750 | |
| P value | – | <0.001 | <0.001 |
*Bold values are significant at p<0.05.
β, exponentiated regression coefficient; Aβ, adjusted exponentiated regression coefficient; AIC, Akaike’s information criterion; Cβ, crude exponentiated regression coefficient; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient.