Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the study participants (internet-using adults aged >18 years in the United States in March 2020) and their stated willingness to use home saliva sample and throat swab specimen collection testing modalities on themselves as part of a COVID-19 research study (N=1435). All survey questions were 5-point Likert scale items where 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=undecided, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess response differences by characteristic.
| Characteristic | n (%) | Home: saliva sample | Home: throat swab | |||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P valuea | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P value | ||||||||||
| Overall | 1435 (100.0) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) | N/Ab | 4.4 (1.9) | 5 (4-5) | N/A | |||||||||||
| Gender | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
Female | 761 (53.0) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
Male | 536 (37.4) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
Other | 36 (2.5) | 4.6 (1.0) | 5 (5-5) |
|
4.5 (1.0) | 5 (4.75-5) |
|
||||||||||
| Age (years) | .14 |
|
|
|
|
|
.049 | |||||||||||
|
|
18-29 | 560 (39.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.2 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
30-49 | 391 (27.2) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
50-64 | 289 (20.1) | 4.6 (0.7) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
≥65 | 194 (13.5) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | .06 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
Hispanic | 548 (38.2) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
Asian/Pacific Islander | 52 (3.6) | 4.6 (0.7) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.5 (0.8) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
Non-Hispanic Black | 158 (11.0) | 4.3 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.2 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
Non-Hispanic White | 587 (40.9) | 4.6 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
Other | 90 (6.2) | 4.3 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.1 (1.3) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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| Education | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
College, postgraduate, or professional school | 629 (43.8) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
Some college, associate's degree, or technical school |
382 (26.6) | 4.6 (0.8) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
High school/GEDc | 175 (12.2) | 4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
Did not finish high school | 27 (1.9) | 4.6 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
| Annual income (US $) | .44 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
<24,000 | 294 (20.5) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
24,000 to <50,000 | 276 (19.2) | 4.5 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
50,000 to <75,000 | 203 (14.1) | 4.6 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
≥75,000 | 268 (18.7) | 4.7 (0.8) | 5 (5-5) |
|
4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
Don't know | 91 (6.3) | 4.5 (0.8) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
| How likely do you think it is you have COVID-19 now? | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
Very unlikely | 356 (24.8) | 4.4 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (1.2) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
Unlikely | 661 (46.1) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
Somewhat likely | 324 (22.6) | 4.5 (0.8) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
Likely/very likely | 81 (5.6) | 4.5 (0.8) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
| Stigma index score | .70 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
0 | 722 (50.3) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
1-2 | 525 (36.6) | 4.5 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
≥3 | 106 (7.4) | 4.3 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.3 (1.2) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
| Knowledge index score | .02 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
<12 | 337 (23.5) | 4.4 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
12-13 | 655 (45.6) | 4.5 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
|
|
14 | 342 (23.8) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
||||||||||
| Symptoms | .71 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
1 or more symptoms | 747 (52.1) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5 (4-5) |
|
4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) |
|
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|
|
None | 688 (47.9) | 4.4 (1.0) | 5 (4-5) | 4.3 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) | ||||||||||||
aP values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni-Holm method.
bN/A: not applicable.
cGED: General Education Development.