Table 3.
Stated willingness of internet-using adults aged ≥18 years in the United States in March 2020 to use drive-through and clinic throat swab specimen collection testing modalities on themselves as part of a COVID-19 research study (N=1435). All survey questions were 5-point Likert scale items where 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=undecided, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess response differences by characteristic.
| Characteristic |
Drive-through site: throat swab | Clinic: throat swab | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P valuea | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P value | ||||||||||
| Overall | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) | N/Ab | 3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) | N/A | ||||||||||||
| Gender | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
.57 | |||||||||||
|
|
Female | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Male | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Other | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.2) | 3.5 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Age (years) | .047 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
18-29 | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
30-49 | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
50-64 | 4 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
≥65 | 3.9 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
Hispanic | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Asian/Pacific Islander | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.4) | 4 (2.75-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Non-Hispanic Black | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.5) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Non-Hispanic White | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 3 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Other | 3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 3 (2.25-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Education | .69 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
College, postgraduate, or professional school |
3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Some college, associate's degree, or technical school |
4 (1.2) | 5 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
High school/GEDc | 3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Did not finish high school | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.5) | 4 (2.5-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Annual income (US $) | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
.82 | |||||||||||
|
|
<24,000 | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
24,000 to <50,000 | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
50,000 to <75,000 | 3.9 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
≥75,000 | 3.9 (1.3) | 5 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.5) | 3 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Don't know | 3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.3) | 3 (3-5) | ||||||||||||
| How likely do you think it is you have COVID-19 now? | .001 |
|
|
|
|
|
.003 | |||||||||||
|
|
Very unlikely | 3.6 (1.5) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.3 (1.5) | 3 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Unlikely | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Somewhat likely | 4 (1.2) | 4.5 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
Likely/very likely | 4 (1.3) | 5 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Stigma index score | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
.70 | |||||||||||
|
|
0 | 3.9 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
1-2 | 3.8 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 3 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
≥3 | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.5) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Knowledge index score | >.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>.99 | |||||||||||
|
|
<12 | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
12-13 | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
14 | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
|||||||||||
| Symptoms | .21 |
|
|
|
|
|
.65 | |||||||||||
|
|
1 or more symptoms | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
None | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
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aAll P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni-Holm method.
bN/A: not applicable.
cGED: General Education Development.