Table 4.
Stated willingness of internet-using adults aged ≥18 years in the United States in March 2020 to use home and clinic blood sample specimen collection testing modalities on themselves as part of a COVID-19 research study (N=1435). All survey questions were 5-point Likert scale items where 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=undecided, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess response differences by characteristic.
| Characteristic |
Home: blood sample | Clinic: blood sample | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P valuea | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P value | |||||||||||
| Overall | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) | N/Ab | 3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) | N/A | |||||||||||||
| Gender | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
Female | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Male | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Other | 4.1 (1.3) | 5 (4-5) |
|
3.6 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Age (years) | <0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
18-29 | 3.5 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
30-49 | 4.0 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
50-64 | 4.1 (1.1) | 5 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
≥65 | 4.0 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
Hispanic | 3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Asian/Pacific Islander | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Non-Hispanic Black | 3.6 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Non-Hispanic White | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Other | 3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Education | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
College, postgraduate, or professional school |
4.0 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Some college, associate's degree, or technical school | 3.9 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.2) | 4 (3-4) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
High school/GEDc | 3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Did not finish high school | 3.9 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Annual income (US $) | 0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.65 | ||||||||||||
|
|
<24,000 | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
24,000 to <50,000 | 4.0 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
50,000 to <75,000 | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
≥75,000 | 4.2 (1.1) | 5 (4-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Don't know | 3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.3) | 3 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| How likely do you think it is you have COVID-19 now? | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
Very unlikely | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Unlikely | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Somewhat likely | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.2) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
Likely/very likely | 3.5 (1.5) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.5) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Stigma index score | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
0 | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.7 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
1-2 | 3.8 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
≥3 | 3.7 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
3.4 (1.4) | 4 (2-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Knowledge index score | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
<12 | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
12-13 | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
14 | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.5 (1.4) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
| Symptoms | >0.99 |
|
|
|
|
|
>0.99 | ||||||||||||
|
|
1 or more symptoms | 3.8 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
3.6 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
None | 3.9 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) | 3.5 (1.3) | 4 (3-5) | ||||||||||||||
aP values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni-Holm method.
bN/A: not applicable.
cGED: General Education Development.