Figure 1.

Conceptual model of chronic pain, acute pain, and tobacco use and abstinence. Solid black lines = hypothesized associations of model; double-sided arrow = correlations; broken line = hypothesized to have small effect to show discriminant validity of the model; gray lines = additional associations distal to the model; letters = represents pathways for primary hypotheses of the study. * Other abstinence symptoms = urges to smoke, composite withdrawal symptoms, and negative affect. ** Covariates that may be associated with both chronic pain and an amplification of the effect of abstinence status on acute pain and other symptoms = sex, age, cigarettes per day, menthol preference, emotional disorder symptomatology, drug abuse, alcohol use problems, and stress reaction.