Table 1.

Reported effective treatments against endothelial dysfunction in patients with CKD, in vivo CKD models and cell-based experiments

Treatment	CKD patients	In vivo CKD		Cell-based assays exposed with
	Vascular function	Vascular function	Structural changes	Uraemic media	FGF23	Phosphate	AGEs	IS
α-Klotho				103	105			104
Active vitamin D	50–53	18, 49	32	30
Sevelamer	107	68		108		68	108
Anti-FGF23		71
AST-120	113	112	112

Positive effects from the different treatments in the different conditions are highlighted in green.