Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample
| Clinical characteristic | Controls | CKD | Total | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 45 (8) | 516 (92) | 561 (100) | |
| Age (years) | 62.3 ± 9 | 69 ± 10.1 | 68.4 ± 10.2 | <0.0001 |
| Men, n (%) | 42 (93.3) | 485 (94) | 527 (93.9) | 0.86 |
| Blacks, n (%) | 6 (13.3) | 113 (21.9) | 119 (21.2) | 0.18 |
| Age >60 years, n (%) | 29 (64.4) | 434 (84.1) | 463 (82.5) | <0.001 |
| Age categories (years) | <0.001 | |||
| <40 | 0 (0) | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | |
| 40–50 | 5 (11.1) | 18 (3.5) | 23 (4.1) | |
| 50–60 | 11 (24.4) | 60 (11.6) | 71 (12.7) | |
| 60–70 | 23 (51.1) | 204 (39.5) | 227 (40.5) | |
| 80–90 | 4 (8.9) | 153 (29.7) | 157 (28) | |
| >90 | 2 (4.4) | 77 (14.9) | 79 (14.1) | |
| Weight (kg) | 86.5 ± 15.2 | 93.2 ± 18.4 | 92.7 ± 18.2 | 0.02 |
| Height (cm) | 176.6 ± 7.6 | 173.1 ± 8 | 173.4 ± 8 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 3.9 | 31.1 ± 5.4 | 30.8 ± 5.4 | <0.0001 |
| FFM (kg) | 61.2 ± 8.6 | 59.5 ± 10.3 | 59.6 ± 10.2 | 0.29 |
| FM (kg) | 25.4 ± 9.6 | 33.8 ± 12.1 | 33.1 ± 12.2 | <0.0001 |
| BF% | 28.6 ± 6.9 | 35.4 ± 8 | 34.9 ± 8.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 (0) | 338 (65.5) | 338 (60.2) | <0.0001 |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Never used | 13 (28.9) | 100 (19.4) | 113 (20.1) | |
| Past use | 32 (71.1) | 320 (62) | 352 (62.7) | |
| Current use | 0 (0) | 96 (18.6) | 96 (17.1) | |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 0 (0) | 142 (27.5) | 142 (25.3) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 0 (0) | 102 (19.8) | 102 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 0 (0) | 57 (11) | 57 (10.2) | 0.02 |
| CKD stage | <0.0001 | |||
| 1 or 2 | 45 (100) | 55 (10.7) | 100 (17.8) | |
| 3 | 0 (0) | 350 (67.8) | 350 (62.4) | |
| 4 | 0 (0) | 111 (21.5) | 111 (19.8) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.6 ± 11.6 | 41.5 ± 15.1 | 45.3 ± 19.6 | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria stage | <0.0001 | |||
| No albuminuria | 44 (97.8) | 199 (38.6) | 243 (43.3) | |
| High albuminuria | 1 (2.2) | 153 (29.7) | 154 (27.5) | |
| Very high albuminuria | 0 (0) | 164 (31.8) | 164 (29.2) | |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 5.3 ± 11.8 | 602.2 ± 1316.2 | 554.3 ± 1272.6 | <0.01 |