Table 2.

Study intervention components

Source	Intervention description	Delivered by	Mode of delivery	Location of intervention activities	Intervention length, frequency, duration, intensity	Level of tailoring; how was this accomplished?
Alibhai 2019 [47]	Participants were an exercise programme of mixed modality exercise incorporating aerobic, strength and flexibility training. All training programmes followed the FITT principle. An education component was included and focused on common concerns facing new exercisers. This occurred during sessions or phone calls throughout the intervention period. All participants received resistance bands for home-based sessions. HOME group also received a stability ball, exercise mat, HR monitor with instructions, and a smartphone with a 6-month paid talk and data plan for phone check-ins.	A certified exercise physiologist delivered instructions and an orientation of exercises to all participants. CEP delivered PT and GROUP sessions.	Initial session was face to face for all participants. PT group received 1:1 face to face sessions. GROUP received supervised sessions in groups of 4–6 individuals HOME had weekly phone calls. All participants received a print-based instruction manual to supplement home-based sessions.	PT and GROUP sessions were described as “in-centre” and they were encouraged to do additional home-based sessions as the intervention progressed. HOME intervention activities were all home-based.	Intervention period was 6 months. Relative intensity was maintained throughout the programme based on baseline measures ensuring similar progression between the groups. Each session consisted of cardiovascular training for 15–30 min, strength training (working major muscle groups), and flexibility training (including 5–10 min of stretching at the end of each session). PT and GROUP had 3 in-centre sessions per week for 6 months. Participants were asked to do 4–5 sessions in total per week.	Programmes were tailored based on baseline fitness assessments with target HR set at 60–70% of HRR.
		Health coaches delivered weekly phone calls to HOME group.
Bourke 2011 [48]	Activity component Participants were provided with an exercise programme consisting of aerobic and strength training. Supervised sessions were intended to provide education on correct exercise performance and technique, and guidance on heart rate and RPE Home-based sessions were self-directed PA of their choosing. A log book was used to keep track. Nutrition component Participants were given a nutrition advice pack that encouraged: reducing saturated fat and refined carbs, increasing fibre, moderation of alcohol Diet information given as “advice” purposefully so to allow choices to be made by participant.	Supervised sessions delivered by ‘an experience exercise physiologist’. Unknown who delivered healthy eating seminars.	Supervised sessions were face to face Healthy eating seminars were in a small-group setting	Unclear if supervised sessions were in hospital or a community setting but were in a “dedicated exercise suite”; remainder were home-based sessions Unclear if healthy eating seminars were in hospital or a community setting	The intervention was 12 weeks in length. Minimum 3 sessions per week (weeks 1–6: 2 supervised, 1 home; weeks 7–12: 1 supervised; 2 home) but patients were encouraged to get PA 5 days per week. Supervised exercise sessions: 30 min of aerobic PA at 55–85% age predicted max HR and RPE of 11–15, followed by strength training comprised of 2–4 sets targeting large muscle groups. Home-based sessions were 30 min in length. Healthy Eating seminars were 15–20 min in length, held fortnightly throughout the 12 weeks	Baseline testing assessing physical function was used to determine appropriate starting points for aerobic and strength training intensities.
						A behavioural component of the supervised sessions included exploring, with each participant, how to make PA a habit in daily life, identifying and using available social support, preferred types of PA.
Demark-Wahnefried 2006 [49]	Participants received a personally tailored workbook with diet and exercise information based on their current stage of readiness to change. Periodic telephone counselling from qualified experts accompanied the workbook and were intended to help participants develop a plan to achieve goals, answer questions, guide them through workbook, and monitor progress. Participants were given a pedometer and log book for self-monitoring. Diet and PA feedback was provided in the workbooks based on their self-reported intake and compared to national guidelines for total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, calcium, iron, and current PA levels. Also received standardised materials regarding dietary components and “Exercise: a guide from the National Institute of Aging”	First 3 months of counselling sessions (focusing on diet) were delivered by a registered dietician.	Study materials were delivered to participants via post. Counselling sessions were delivered via telephone. Microsoft Access forms were developed to standardise and guide counsellors through sessions while collecting process data concurrently.	Intervention activities were distance-based.	Intervention was 6 months. Tailored workbooks were mailed at the beginning of the study period. Telephone counselling sessions were up to 30 min in length, fortnightly for the 6 month study period.	Both dietary and PA feedback in the workbooks were tailored to self-reported data on baseline measures. For each participant, the top 3 sources of dietary fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol were identified and tips for improving intake was included. Telephone counselling was tailored to specific nutritional deficiencies and/or functional limitations noted from the baseline survey. tailored using stages of change from the TTM and SCT to increase likelihood of behavioural change.
		Final 3 months of counselling sessions (focusing on PA) were delivered by an exercise physiologist.
Demark-Wahnefried 2018 [50]	Participants were given either a raised garden bed or 4 EarthBoxes (good for apartments, townhomes, low light areas etc.) and gardening supplies for a spring, summer, and fall garden. They were able to keep all the supplies. Master Gardeners were match with participants based on geographic proximity and introduced at a meet n’ greet event. MGs worked with their assigned people to plan, plant, tend, and harvest three gardens over the course of a year. Each participant received a notebook with general information on gardening, cancer-specific concerns, and contact information for MG and study personnel.	Gardening advice and assistance provided by Master Gardeners who had undergone 100 h of training through the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. MGs were trained to promote self-efficacy by being role models, encouraging goal setting, giving reinforcement and encouragement, strategizing to overcome barriers, and skills training.	Intervention was delivered via face-to-face home visits, printed materials, and telephone calls. Participants were encouraged to participate in an online Facebook group as a form of social support.	Intervention activities were home-based.	Intervention length was 12 months.	Only tailored in the types of plants grown as participants were able to plan their preferred garden. Overall intervention was guided by SCT and SEM.
					MGs checked in fortnightly alternating between phone or email check-ins and home visits.
Desbiens 2017 [51]	This study compared two methods of delivering the same activity programme. One group performed individual, home-based exercise with the assistance of videos; another group performed the same activities in a group-based setting. Principles of activity training that were used to develop the programme are as follows: 1) specificity; 2) progression; 3) overload; 4) initial values; 5) reversibility; and 6) diminishing returns.	Exercise programme was developed and delivered by a kinesiologist. Exercises were approved by a surgical oncologist. Videos were produced by researchers featuring a kinesiologist performing activities at three different intensities. Group-based had the same exercises delivered face-to-face by the same kinesiologist.	This study compared individual video-assisted, home-based activity versus group-based activity.	Video-assisted group had intervention as home-based. Unclear where group-based activities were held.	Intervention was 12 weeks in length. Participants were asked to perform programme minimum twice per week for 12 weeks. Exercise routine was 50 min in total: 5 min warm up; 15 min cardiovascular exercise; 20 min muscle reinforcement; 10 min relaxation. Three levels of intensity were proposed to each participant and they selected the preferred level based on their own energy levels.	No tailoring
Lai 2017 [52]	Elderly participants awaiting lobectomy were provided a prehabilitation programme that focused on improving lung fitness and cardiopulmonary intolerance to subsequently reduce postoperative pulmonary complications.	Participants were “assessed and data were recorded” by a physiotherapist, but it is unclear whether they also delivered the intervention or whether it was delivered by a member of the study team.	Intervention was delivered face-to-face.	Activity training took place in the rehabilitation centre within the hospital.	The intervention was 7 days in length. Daily activity training consisted of: 1) abdominal breathing training 2 times per day for 15–20 min, 2) expiration exercises with Voldyne 5000 3 times per day for 20 min; 3) 30 min of aerobic endurance training on Nustep device (at the speed and power of their choice).	No tailoring
Loh 2019 [53]	The intervention was a home-based, low-to moderate-intensity walking and strength training programme. Participants in the intervention arm were given an exercise kit, containing a pedometer, three resistance bands (medium, heavy, and extra heavy intensity), and an instruction manual. Aerobic component was an individually tailored, progressive walking programme based on baseline number of steps. Strength training was performed with therapeutic resistance bands.	A designated clinical research associate was trained by an American College of Sports Medicine–certified exercise physiologist from the URCC Research Base to teach the programme to participants	Education session was face-to-face. Exercise sessions were delivered via print materials.	Intervention was home-based delivery	The intervention was 6 weeks long Participants recorded their steps daily and were encouraged to progressively increase their steps by 5% to 20% every week. Participants were asked to perform 10 required exercises (e.g. squat or chest press) and four optional exercises daily following an individually tailored set/repetition scheme. They were encouraged to progressively increase intensity, sets, and/or number of repetitions over course of the programme.	Participants were prescribed an individually tailored walking programme based on a 4-day pedometer measurement at baseline. Unclear how the strength training component was tailored.
Miki 2014 [54]	Speed feedback therapy with bicycle ergometer connected to computer was conducted. Participants pedalled to match the arbitrary speed displayed on the computer screen. Pedalled while visually tracking a path and modifying their speed to follow the path.	Sessions were conducted by rehabilitation therapists.	Intervention was delivered face-to-face.	Intervention took place in the rehabilitation room within the university hospital.	The intervention was 4 weeks in length Participants completed 1 session per week for 4 weeks. Exercise load was set to 20 W and max RPMs of 80 for a pedalling time of 5 min	No tailoring
Monga 2007 [55]	Participants completed aerobic exercise sessions in the morning before receiving radiation therapy.	Programme was conducted by a staff kinesiotherapist and supervised by physician	Intervention was delivered face-to-face.	Intervention was delivered in the medical centre	The intervention was 8 weeks in length. Participants exercised 3 times per week, in the morning before their RT Sessions consisted of 10 min warm up, 30 min treadmill walking, 5–10 min cool down. Intensity of 65% HRR was the target for patients. Weekly HR measures were taken and recalculations done for target HR if necessary	Intensity was tailored to individual HR from baseline and subsequent measures.
Morey 2009 [56]	Participants were provided a personally tailored workbook that compared and gave feedback on current self-reported physical activity and diet behaviour to national guidelines. Participants received a pedometer, a set of resistance bands (3 levels of resistance), and an exercise poster with 6 lower body strength exercises targeting physical function. The nutrition component of the intervention included “Portion Doctor tableware”, a fat gram book to help monitor fat intake, a pocket magnifier, and personalised record logs.	Unclear who specifically delivered telephone counselling sessions (i.e. study team, hired staff, etc.) and how they were trained. To standardise data collection and message delivery, counsellors used computer-assisted templates with branching algorithms to guide counselling sessions.	Intervention was print materials delivered via post along with phone follow-ups. Telephone counselling sessions to help establish rapport and enhance social support.	Intervention was home-based.	The intervention period was 12 months No specific prescriptions were given but recommendations were 15 min of strength exercise every other day, 30 min of endurance exercise each day. Telephone counselling (15–30 min in length) was scheduled weekly for 3 weeks, then 2 fortnightly, then monthly for the rest of the year.	First few pages of the workbook content was tailored based on the self-reported baseline measurements. Personalised progress reports were mailed every 12 weeks consisting of 2 pages tailored for each person’s stage of readiness and comparing their self-reported behavioural change over time. Print materials and telephone scripts based primarily on SCT, operationalised the key concepts of behavioural capacity, outcome expectancies, self-control, reinforcement and self-efficacy.
Park 2012 [57]	Men after a radical prostatectomy participated in an exercise programme designed to improve exercise ability, QoL, and incontinence. Exercises were progressed over the 12 weeks. Initially focused on pelvic floor exercises (weeks 1–4), then incorporating stability ball exercises (weeks 5–8), and finally resistance band exercises (weeks 9–12). Kegel exercises were also performed.	Exercises were performed by “sports experts” Unclear specifically who delivered the intervention	Intervention was delivered face-to-face. Unclear whether supervised sessions were group-based or individual.	Unclear whether in hospital or university setting.	The intervention was 12 weeks in length. Programme was initiated during postop week 3 and was conducted for 12 weeks thereafter. Participants exercised 2 times per week, for about 60 min per day. Kegel exercise instructions were to do 3 daily sessions, 30 repetitions of a 1–5 s contraction	Intensity of exercises were tailored to HRR of each participant.
Porserud 2014 [58]	The intervention started within a week of baseline assessment with the aim to increase physical function. The programme consisted of strength and endurance training for the lower extremities like walking, strengthening exercises, balance training, mobility training, and stretching.	Led by physiotherapists	Face-to-face group sessions were held.	Sessions took place at the university hospital where participants were recruited.	Intervention was 12 weeks in length Sessions were 45 min in length, twice per week over the study period. Also instructed to take walks 3–5 days per week for at least 15 min at a self-selected pace.	Sessions were adapted for individual capabilities but otherwise not tailored.
Sprod 2015 [59]	Yoga for Cancer Survivors (YOCAS) intervention consisted of a standardised programme consisting of breathing exercises, postures, and mindfulness exercises. Breathing exercises included slow, controlled, and diaphragmatic breaths and breathing coordinated with movement. Postures included 16 gentle hatha and restorative yoga poses, of which there are seated, standing, transitional, and supine poses. Meditation exercises included meditation, visualization, and affirmation.	Instructors were all Yoga Alliance registered and received a dvd and instructions in addition to training with the PI to ensure they were all delivering the programme as described. They were not allowed to add or remove anything but could modify as necessary.	Face-to-face group sessions	Small regional cancer centres or yoga studios	The intervention lasted 4 weeks. Participants were expected to attend sessions lasting 75 min each, twice per week over 4 weeks for a total of 8 sessions. There was no option to make up missed sessions. Exercises were generally considered low intensity (< 3 METs)	No tailoring
Winters-Stone 2016 [60]	Participants and their spouses engaged in an exercise programme. Exercises were performed as trainer/ coach to promote teamwork and assist with form, motivation etc. then roles were switched. Some exercises were performed at the same time or in tandem including chair rises, 90 degree squats, lunges, 1 arm rows, bench press, push ups, triceps extensions, and shoulder raises.	All classes were instructed by the same Exercise Physiologist	Group-based face-to-face classes	Sessions took place at Oregon Health & Science University.	The intervention period was 6 months in length. Participants attended 2 sessions per week for the 6 month period with their partner. Each class was 60 min long and held with other couples. Participants could attend solo if their spouse was unable. Participants performed 8–15 repetitions at intensities that went from 4 to 15% BW in weighted vest for lower body, and weight that could be lifted 15 times to a heavier weight that could be lifted 8 times for upper body using free weights.	Exercise intensities were tailored based on body weight and physical limitations.

FITT frequency/intensity/time/type, HR heart rate, PT personal training, HRR heart rate reserve, RPE rate of perceived exertion, PA physical activity, TTM transtheoretical model, SCT social cognitive theory, MG master gardener, SEM social ecological model, URCC University of Rochester Cancer Center, W watts, RPM revolution per minute, QoL quality of life, MET metabolic equivalents, BW body weight