Fig. 1.

Hyperinsulinemia robustly increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity without impacting mean arterial blood pressure. In protocol 1, steady-state measures were collected at baseline (BL) and after 60 min of the insulin infusion (INS). Plasma insulin and blood glucose concentrations (A), heart rate (B), mean blood pressure (BP; C), cardiac output (CO; D), total peripheral resistance (TPR; E), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; F). Representative original traces from a male participant (22 yr old, body mass index 25.3 kg/m²; G). Data are reported as means ± SE (n = 20 participants). In A and F, error bars are within symbols. *Significance (P < 0.05) from BL.