Table 1.
Percentage of US adults aged ≥20 years (n 9666) who reported plain water intakes, by sociodemographic characteristics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014†,‡
| Drank plain water§ | Drank tap water§ | Drank bottled water§ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | se | % | se | % | se | |
| Total | 81·4‡‡ | 0·6 | 55·2 | 1·4 | 33·4 | 1·4 |
| Tap water§ | ||||||
| Yes | 100·0 | – | 13·0 | 0·9 | ||
| No | 58·5 | 1·4 | – | 58·5 | 1·4 | |
| P value║ | – | – | <0·001 | |||
| Bottled water§ | ||||||
| Yes | 100·0 | 21·5 | 1·2 | – | ||
| No | 72·1 | 1·0 | 72·1 | 1·0 | – | |
| P value║ | – | <0·001 | – | |||
| Race/Hispanic origin¶ | ||||||
| NH White | 80·9 | 0·9 | 61·6 | 1·3 | 26·3 | 1·1 |
| NH Black | 78·1 | 1·1 | 38·0 | 2·1 | 46·0 | 1·8 |
| NH Asian | 89·3 | 0·9 | 61·9 | 2·3 | 37·8 | 2·7 |
| Hispanic | 84·0 | 1·2 | 38·7 | 2·1 | 52·9 | 1·8 |
| P value║ | <0·001 | <0·001 | <0·001 | |||
| Nativity status | ||||||
| US-born | 80·2 | 0·7 | 57·0 | 1·3 | 30·3 | 1·2 |
| Born outside fifty US states or Washington, DC | 87·3 | 1·0 | 46·4 | 2·5 | 48·5 | 2·1 |
| P value║ | <0·001 | <0·001 | <0·001 | |||
| Federal income to poverty ratio | ||||||
| ≤130 % | 77·0 | 1·1 | 44·5 | 2·3 | 36·4 | 1·9 |
| 131–350 % | 79·7 | 1·1 | 53·1 | 1·7 | 34·0 | 1·7 |
| >350 % | 85·5 | 0·8 | 64·2 | 1·6 | 30·3 | 1·6 |
| P value†† | <0·001 | <0·001 | 0·007 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 75·3 | 1·6 | 38·7 | 1·4 | 41·5 | 2·2 |
| High-school graduate/GED or equivalent | 75·9 | 1·5 | 47·9 | 2·2 | 33·0 | 2·3 |
| Some college or associates degree | 82·2 | 0·9 | 55·6 | 1·7 | 34·4 | 1·5 |
| College graduate or above | 87·6 | 1·0 | 68·5 | 1·7 | 28·4 | 1·4 |
| P value†† | <0·001 | <0·001 | <0·001 | |||
NH, non-Hispanic; GED, General Educational Development.
Sample sizes and missing values are described in the online supplementary material, Supplemental Table 1.
All estimates are weighted. Data are from NHANES( 23 ).
Data from a single 24 h dietary recall.
P value by adjusted Wald F test between mean differences of category (joint test).
Includes other race/Hispanic origin, but not shown.
P value for test of linear trend across the categories shown based on a linear/logistic regression.
Percentage does not sum tap and bottled percentage use because tap and bottled water use are not mutually exclusive.