Table 1.
The characteristics of included studies
| Characteristic | Study | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Guo et al. [3] | Yan et al. [4] | Zhang et al. [5] | |
| Country | China | China | China |
| Study type | Retrospective observational study | Retrospective observational study | Retrospective observational study |
| Criteria | WHO interim guidance | WHO interim guidance |
Chinese National Health Committee (version 7) |
| RT-PCR | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Outcomes | Comparisons between diabetic and non-diabetic cases | Comparisons between diabetic and non-diabetic cases | Comparisons between diabetic and non-diabetic cases |
| Overall and between group comparisons | Study | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guo et al. [3] | Yan et al. [4] | Zhang et al. [5] | |||||||
| Overall COVID-19 | Diabetic vs. non-Diabetic | Diabetic vs. non-diabetic (No-CUD) | Overall COVID-19 | Diabetic vs. non-diabetic | Overall COVID-19 | Diabetic vs. non-diabetic | Diabetic vs. hyperglycemia with other comorbidities | Hyperglycemia vs. non-diabetic | |
| Total (n) | 174 | 37 vs. 137 | 24 vs. 26 | 193 with severe COVID | 48 vs. 145 | 166 | 61 vs. 84 | 61 vs. 21 | 21 vs 84 |
| Age | 59 | 61 vs. 58 | 61 vs. 32 | 64 | 70 vs. 60 | 62.7 | 65.6 vs. 59.4 | 65.6 vs. 67.6 | 67.6 vs. 59.4 |
| Male (n) | 76 | 20 vs. 56 | 12 vs. 9 | 114 | 33 vs. 81 | 85 | 33 vs. 41 | 33 vs. 11 | 11 vs. 41 |
| Female (n) | 98 | 17 vs. 81 | 12 vs. 17 | 79 | 15 vs. 64 | 81 | 28 vs. 43 | 28 vs. 10 | 10 vs. 43 |
| Signs and symptoms (n) | |||||||||
| Fever/fatigue/headache | 136/47/12 | 22 vs. 114/11 vs. 36/2 vs. 10 | 18 vs. 22/5 vs. 9/1 vs. 3 | 173/101/21 | 43 vs. 130/28 vs. 73/5 vs. 16 | 139/99/53 | 53 vs. 70/35 vs. 49/17 vs. 27 | 53 vs. 46/35 vs. 15/17 vs. 9 | 16 vs. 70/15 vs. 49/9 vs. 27 |
| Chill/cough/dizziness | 119/56/23 | 21 vs. 98/8 vs. 48/6 vs. 17 | 19 vs. 20/11vs. 15/4 vs. 2 | NA/135/NA | NA/37 vs. 98/NA | NA/136/NA | NA/50 vs. 71/NA | NA/50 vs. 15/NA | NA/15 vs. 71/NA |
| Chest pain/chest tightness/shortness of breath | 15/45/42 | 1 vs. 14/5 vs. 40/5 vs. 37 | 0 vs. 1/2 vs. 4/5 vs. 4 | 10/NA/115 | 1 vs. 9/NA/33 vs. 82 | 25/NA/115 | 11 vs. 10/NA/44 vs. 55 | 11 vs. 4/NA/44 vs. 16 | 4 vs. 10/NA/16 vs. 55 |
| Myalgia/pharyngalgia/nausea-vomiting | 36/9/17 | 6 vs. 30/1 vs. 8/5 vs. 12 | 3 vs. 4/0 vs. 4/4 vs. 0 | NA/NA/19 | NA/NA/4 vs. 15 | NA/NA/73 | NA/NA/29 vs. 34 | NA/NA/29 vs. 11 | NA/NA/11 vs. 34 |
| Anorexia/diarrhoea | NA/21 | NA/3 vs. 18 | NA/3 vs. 4 | 68/51 | 21 vs. 47/10 vs. 41 | 75/77 | 27 vs. 38/30 vs. 37 | 27 vs. 10/30 vs. 10 | 10 vs. 38/10 vs. 37 |
| Comorbidities (n) | NA | NA | NA | 94 | 29 vs. 65 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hypertension/cardiovascular disease/malignancy | 43/32/17 | 10 vs. 33/12 vs. 20/1 vs. 16 | None | 73/31/NA | 24 vs. 49/13 vs. 18/NA | 76/30/3 | 35 vs. 30/16 vs. 10/3 vs. 0 | 35 vs. 11/16 vs. 4/3 vs. 0 | 11 vs. 30/4 vs. 10/0 vs. 0 |
| Pulmonary disease/kidney disease/liver disease | 14/13/8 | 2 vs. 12/1 vs. 12/0 vs. 8 | None | 14/4/1 | 4 vs. 10/0 vs. 4/0 vs. 1 | 19/9/NA | 9 vs. 9/3 vs. 6/NA | 9 vs. 1/3 vs. 0/NA | 1 vs. 9/0 vs. 6/NA |
| Immune deficiency/Hepatitis B/cerebrovascular disease | 4/2/13 | 0 vs. 4/0 vs. 2/1 vs. 12 | None | NA/NA/8 | NA/NA/5 vs. 3 | NA/NA/12 | NA/NA/6 vs. 3 | NA/NA/6 vs. 3 | NA/NA/3 vs. 3 |
| Thyroid disease/digestive system disorders/others | NA/NA/NA | NA/NA/NA | NA/NA/NA | NA/NA/NA | NA/NA/NA | 3/5/91 | 1 vs. 2/2 vs. 2/37 vs. 43 | 1 vs. 0/2 vs. 1/37 vs. 11 | 0 vs. 2/1 vs. 2/11 vs. 43 |
| Mortalities (n) | 9 | 4 vs. 5 | 4 vs. 0 | 108 | 39 vs. 69 | 24 | 13 vs. 8 | 13 vs. 3 | 3 vs. 8 |
NA not available, No-CUD no other comorbidities