Table 4.
Clinical evidences linking allergy to chronic rhinosinusitis in children
| Clinical evidences linking allergy to risk of CRS in children | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Author Year (ref) |
Type of article | No. of cases (mean age) | Methods | Relevant results |
Association (Level of evidence) |
| Sedaghat et al. 2014 [55] | Retrospective analysis | N = 4044 children with CRS (8.9 years) | Retrospective review of children diagnosed as uncomplicated CRS by an otolaryngology or allergy office evaluation | Comorbidities observed in CRS children were primary ciliary dyskinesia (0.2%), cystic fibrosis (4.1%), immunologic disorder (12.3%), and AR (26.9%) |
Inconclusive (Level IV) |
| Choi et al. 2012 [32] | Prospective study | N = 296 (< 13 years) with recurrent RS | To evaluate predisposing factors for chronic and recurrent RS | The prevalence of AR, atopy, and asthma was significantly higher in patients with CRS and recurrent RS than those with acute and subacute RS |
Yes (Level II) |
| Anamika et al. 2019 [56•] | Cross-sectional study. | N = 110 children with CRS (7-18 years) | To determine atopic profile of children with CRS and impact of atopic status on disease severity and quality of life | Positive skin prick test was present in 52.7% of patients. Atopic CRS had a significant higher mean Lund-Mackay endoscopic score and symptoms scores than non-atopic ones |
Yes (Level IV) |
| Huang 2000 [57] | Prospective observational study |
N = 413 RA children. (3–15 years) |
To evaluate mold allergy as risk factor for sinusitis. The authors compared 215 PAR with 198 SAR |
The prevalence of sinusitis was significantly higher among patients with PAR than among those with SAR regardless of age or season; patients with mold allergy PAR had a higher risk than those with non-mold allergy |
Yes (Level II) |
| Leo et al. 2007 [58] | Cross-sectional study | N = 351 children with CRS (5.23 ± 2.11 years) | CRS underwent allergen sensitization work-up by skin prick test with common inhalant allergens and total IgE measurement | Prevalence of sensitization to aeroallergens in children with CRS is comparable with that of the general pediatric population |
No (Level IV) |
| Nathan et al. 2004 [62] | Prospective observational study | N = 114 RA and CRS (children and adult) | Patients were surveyed for global symptoms and specific symptoms related to the nose, sinuses, eyes, and chest with the SOQ | Immunotherapy is an effective treatment for patients with sinus disease and allergic rhinitis. |
Yes (Level II) |
| Ramadan & Hinerman 2006 [61] | Prospective observational study | N = 141 patients who underwent ESS (7 years) | To evaluate outcome of ESS at 1 year after the operation | Children with AR who were on treatment before surgery had an 84% success rate compared with 62% for those children with non-treated AR by immunotherapy |
Yes (Level II) |
| Kim et al. 2005 [63] | Retrospective observational study |
N = 97 patients (age range: 5–15 years) |
Retrospective analysis of long-term success rates of ESS with respect to several predisposing factors | Multivariate logistic regression analysis allergy was not correlated to poor outcomes after pediatric ESS |
No (Level IV) |
| El Sharkawy 2012 [64] | Prospective observational study | N = 87 children (45 with nasal allergy) (age ≤ 14) | To assess predictive factors of outcome after ESS | The success rate in CRS with nasal allergy was 87.5%, and in CRS without nasal allergy was 85.7% |
No (Level II) |
| Lee et al. 2009 [66] | Retrospective analysis | N = 53 children who underwent FESS (age < 18 years) | To investigate factors leading to protracted nasal discharge after pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery | Blood eosinophil count did not differ significantly between the “protracted” and the “resolved” groups. On the other hand, history of allergic rhinitis was more frequently observed in the “protracted” group |
Yes (Level IV) |
| Wu et al. 2019 [67•] | Retrospective analysis | N = 188 children ESS for CRS | To evaluate prognostic factors related to revision surgery after ESS | Patients with positive aeroallergen tests had higher rates of CRS recurrence after ESS and required revision surgery |
Yes (Level IV) |
CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; RS, rhinosinusitis; AR, allergic rhinitis; PAR, perennial allergic rhinitis; SAR, seasonal allergic rhinitis; SOQ, sinusitis outcome questionnaire; ESS, endoscopic sinus surgery; FESS, functional endoscopic sinus surgery