Fig. 5.

Schematic of dry soil feedback affecting MCS intensity. (A) The dry soil area (red ellipse) indicates maximum sensible heat flux (SH), PBL equivalent potential temperature (${\mathrm{\Theta }}_e$), and low-level moisture (q) convergence. Isotherms (lines) promote a southern movement of the ITD (dryline excursion, black arrows), while the strengthened meridional temperature gradient dT/dy enhances the African easterly jet (gray arrow). (B) Typical evolution of convective cores (dark ellipses) embedded within a westward propagating MCS over the diurnal cycle (Right to Left). Convective intensification during late afternoon is particularly marked for cores passing over the dry patch (core circled red), favoring stronger nocturnal cores.