Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of associations between inhospital all-cause mortality and AG (mmol/L).
| Subgroups | n | Quartile 1 AG < 13 |
Quartile 2 13 ≤ AG < 15 |
Quartile 3 15 ≤ AG < 17 |
Quartile 4 15 ≤ AG < 17 |
P
for interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.839 | |||||
| Male | 2042 | Ref | 1.21 (0.80-1.84) | 1.32 (0.86-2.01) | 2.98 (2.07-4.27) | |
| Female | 1551 | Ref | 0.79 (0.49-1.27) | 1.50 (0.96-2.33) | 2.43 (1.64-3.61) | |
| Age (years) | 0.968 | |||||
| <72 | 1832 | Ref | 1.08 (0.67-1.75) | 1.09 (0.66-1.80) | 2.82 (1.87-4.25) | |
| ≥72 | 1761 | Ref | 0.97 (0.64-1.47) | 1.62 (1.10-2.39) | 2.71 (1.90-3.85) | |
| Race | 0.244 | |||||
| White | 2551 | Ref | 1.07 (0.74-1.54) | 1.30 (0.91-1.87) | 2.57 (1.88-3.52) | |
| Black | 263 | Ref | 0.14 (0.16-1.28) | 0.77 (0.19-3.03) | 2.29 (0.80-6.57) | |
| Other | 779 | Ref | 1.13 (0.57-2.22) | 1.98 (1.05-3.73) | 3.41 (1.91-6.07) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.332 | |||||
| <27 | 1792 | Ref | 0.96 (0.64-1.46) | 1.49 (0.99-2.22) | 2.45 (1.72-3.48) | |
| ≥27 | 1801 | Ref | 1.08 (0.67-1.75) | 1.35 (0.84-2.17) | 3.14 (2.09-4.72) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.530 | |||||
| Yes | 1793 | Ref | 1.20 (0.73-1.97) | 1.68 (1.04-2.73) | 3.10 (2.00-4.81) | |
| No | 1800 | Ref | 0.94 (0.62-1.41) | 1.31 (0.88-1.95) | 2.55 (1.82-3.57) | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0.269 | |||||
| Yes | 674 | Ref | 1.15 (0.50-2.62) | 2.10 (0.99-4.46) | 3.65 (1.83-7.30) | |
| No | 2919 | Ref | 0.99 (0.70-1.39) | 1.29 (0.92-1.81) | 2.58 (1.93-3.45) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.921 | |||||
| Yes | 1349 | Ref | 1.16 (0.72-1.86) | 1.40 (0.88-2.24) | 2.91 (1.93-4.40) | |
| No | 2244 | Ref | 0.90 (0.59-1.37) | 1.39 (0.93-1.08) | 2.59 (1.83-3.68) | |
| Ventricular arrhythmias | 0.065 | |||||
| Yes | 206 | Ref | 6.56 (0.76-56.55) | 9.17 (1.12-75.13) | 17.68 (2.30-135.7) | |
| No | 3387 | Ref | 0.94 (0.68-1.30) | 1.29 (0.94-1.76) | 2.45 (1.86-3.22) | |
| Third-degree atrioventricular block | 0.687 | |||||
| Yes | 153 | Ref | 0.30 (0.03-2.99) | 0.91 (0.17-4.86) | 2.51 (0.63-10.1) | |
| No | 3440 | Ref | 1.04 (0.76-1.42) | 1.43 (1.05-1.95) | 2.73 (2.08-3.58) | |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.013 | |||||
| Yes | 1935 | Ref | 0.84 (0.56-1.27) | 1.15 (0.77-1.71) | 1.97 (1.40-2.78) | |
| No | 1658 | Ref | 1.26 (0.77-2.05) | 1.78 (1.11-2.88) | 4.07 (2.66-6.23) | |
| Primary cardiomyopathy | 0.994 | |||||
| Yes | 294 | Ref | 0.97 (0.23-4.05) | 1.78 (0.51-6.22) | 2.64 (0.84-8.29) | |
| No | 3299 | Ref | 1.01 (0.73-1.39) | 1.39 (1.01-1.91) | 2.76 (2.10-3.64) | |
| Valve disease | 0.919 | |||||
| Yes | 776 | Ref | 0.75 (0.35-1.60) | 1.38 (0.69-2.78) | 2.34 (1.264.37) | |
| No | 2817 | Ref | 1.08 (0.77-1.53) | 1.42 (1.01-1.99) | 2.84 (2.12-3.82) | |
| Endocarditis | 0.617 | |||||
| Yes | 64 | Ref | 0.67 (0.10-4.58) | 0.91 (0.13-6.40) | 3.89 (0.80-18.97) | |
| No | 3529 | Ref | 1.02 (0.74-1.40) | 1.42 (1.04-1.94) | 2.71 (2.07-3.56) | |
| Cardiogenic shock | 0.352 | |||||
| Yes | 471 | Ref | 1.00 (0.48-2.09) | 1.43 (0.70-2.92) | 1.88 (1.01-3.51) | |
| No | 3122 | Ref | 0.97 (0.68-1.37) | 1.30 (0.92-1.83) | 2.55 (1.88-3.44) | |
| Hypertension | 0.126 | |||||
| Yes | 1456 | Ref | 1.01 (0.60-1.67) | 1.50 (0.90-2.48) | 3.44 (2.21-5.38) | |
| No | 2137 | Ref | 1.00 (0.67-1.48) | 1.30 (0.88-1.91) | 2.27 (1.62-3.17) | |
| Diabetes | 0.914 | |||||
| Yes | 1205 | Ref | 1.35 (0.73-2.49) | 1.72 (0.94-3.13) | 2.94 (1.72-5.02) | |
| No | 2388 | Ref | 0.91 (0.63-1.32) | 1.32 (0.93-1.90) | 2.79 (2.04-3.82) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.019 | |||||
| Yes | 1200 | Ref | 1.54 (0.80-2.95) | 2.22 (1.18-4.19) | 4.89 (2.75-8.69) | |
| No | 2393 | Ref | 0.88 (0.61-1.26) | 1.20 (0.84-1.71) | 2.17 (1.60-2.95) | |
| Chronic lung disease | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 885 | Ref | 0.94 (0.56-1.56) | 0.72 (0.42-1.22) | 1.55 (0.99-2.41) | |
| No | 2708 | Ref | 1.18 (0.78-1.77) | 2.04 (1.39-3.01) | 3.82 (2.70-5.42) | |
| Respiratory failure | 0.005 | |||||
| Yes | 1272 | Ref | 0.71 (0.46-1.09) | 1.14 (0.76-1.72) | 1.67 (1.18-2.38) | |
| No | 2321 | Ref | 1.62 (0.99-2.65) | 1.85 (1.12-3.04) | 4.26 (2.74-6.62) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.813 | |||||
| Yes | 752 | Ref | 1.49 (0.65-3.40) | 1.35 (0.59-3.10) | 2.86 (1.37-5.97) | |
| No | 2841 | Ref | 0.93 (0.66-1.31) | 1.45 (1.04-2.01) | 2.78 (2.08-3.73) | |
| Chronic liver disease | 0.538 | |||||
| Yes | 125 | Ref | 1.22 (0.30-4.90) | 1.03 (0.23-4.66) | 2.23 (0.76-6.60) | |
| No | 3468 | Ref | 1.02 (0.74-1.40) | 1.44 (1.05-1.97) | 2.76 (2.10-3.63) | |
| Malignancy | 0.109 | |||||
| Yes | 518 | Ref | 0.97 (0.49-1.94) | 1.14 (0.55-2.39) | 1.82 (0.95-3.52) | |
| No | 3075 | Ref | 1.00 (0.70-1.42) | 1.47 (1.05-2.06) | 2.94 (2.19-3.95) | |
| Autoimmune disease | 0.680 | |||||
| Yes | 156 | Ref | 0.53 (0.12-2.30) | 1.21 (0.35-4.18) | 1.94 (0.65-5.77) | |
| No | 3437 | Ref | 1.04 (0.76-1.44) | 1.42 (1.04-1.94) | 2.78 (2.11-3.66) | |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 0.706 | |||||
| Yes | 323 | Ref | 1.43 (0.51-3.97) | 1.22 (0.43-3.44) | 2.77 (1.09-7.06) | |
| No | 3270 | Ref | 0.97 (0.70-1.35) | 1.43 (1.04-1.96) | 2.71 (2.06-3.58) | |
| Prior stroke | 0.413 | |||||
| Yes | 61 | Ref | - | 3.6 (0.29-44.82) | 3.6 (0.39-33.50) | |
| No | 3508 | Ref | 1.03 (0.75-1.41) | 1.38 (1.02-1.88) | 2.72 (2.08-3.55) | |
| Antiplatelet | 0.678 | |||||
| Yes | 2274 | Ref | 1.02 (0.69-1.53) | 1.61 (1.09-2.36) | 2.81 (2.00-3.96) | |
| No | 1319 | Ref | 0.99 (0.60-1.64) | 1.12 (0.68-1.84) | 2.57 (1.68-3.93) | |
| Oral anticoagulants | 0.011 | |||||
| Yes | 1047 | Ref | 0.99 (0.51-1.89) | 0.57 (0.26-1.25) | 1.57 (0.86-2.86) | |
| No | 2546 | Ref | 1.02 (0.71-1.46) | 1.69 (1.20-2.37) | 3.06 (2.26-4.13) | |
| Beta-blockers | 0.002 | |||||
| Yes | 2513 | Ref | 0.90 (0.61-1.31) | 1.24 (0.85-1.80) | 1.98 (1.43-2.76) | |
| No | 1080 | Ref | 1.28 (0.74-2.23) | 1.75 (1.03-2.98) | 4.58 (2.86-7.34) | |
| ACEI/ARB | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 1882 | Ref | 0.96 (0.58-1.59) | 1.17 (0.71-1.95) | 1.40 (0.87-2.24) | |
| No | 1711 | Ref | 1.04 (0.70-1.56) | 1.56 (1.06-2.31) | 3.43 (2.45-4.81) | |
| Statin | 0.846 | |||||
| Yes | 2095 | Ref | 1.02 (0.65-1.60) | 1.45 (0.93-2.24) | 2.62 (1.78-3.85) | |
| No | 1498 | Ref | 1.02 (0.66-1.59) | 1.37 (0.89-2.10) | 2.75 (1.90-3.98) | |
| Vasopressin | 0.042 | |||||
| Yes | 234 | Ref | 0.65 (0.27-1.56) | 0.89 (0.37-2.11) | 1.18 (0.56-2.47) | |
| No | 3359 | Ref | 1.05 (0.74-1.48) | 1.45 (1.04-2.04) | 2.78 (2.06-3.74) | |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 0.057 | |||||
| <10.5 | 1778 | Ref | 0.80 (0.52-1.23) | 1.22 (0.79-1.87) | 1.91 (1.29-2.84) | |
| ≥10.5 | 1815 | Ref | 1.25 (0.78-2.01) | 1.54 (0.98-2.43) | 3.10 (2.07-4.65) | |
| Platelet (109/L) | 0.170 | |||||
| <221 | 1793 | Ref | 1.10 (0.71-1.72) | 1.80 (1.18-2.75) | 3.30 (2.27-4.81) | |
| ≥221 | 1800 | Ref | 0.91 (0.58-1.41) | 1.07 (0.69-1.66) | 2.22 (1.52-3.24) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.223 | |||||
| <11.4 | 1777 | Ref | 0.93 (0.62-1.39) | 1.24 (0.82-1.86) | 2.42 (1.70-3.43) | |
| ≥11.4 | 1816 | Ref | 1.16 (0.71-1.90) | 1.73 (1.09-2.76) | 3.31 (2.17-5.04) | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.828 | |||||
| <132 | 1773 | Ref | 1.12 (0.74-1.70) | 1.42 (0.93-2.16) | 2.88 (1.97-4.22) | |
| ≥132 | 1820 | Ref | 0.86 (0.53-1.39) | 1.32 (0.84-2.08) | 2.44 (1.65-3.62) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.177 | |||||
| <1.1 | 1537 | Ref | 0.99 (0.64-1.54) | 1.24 (0.78-1.97) | 2.20 (1.40-3.45) | |
| ≥1.1 | 2056 | Ref | 0.96 (0.61-1.52) | 1.37 (0.89-2.11) | 2.52 (1.72-3.68) | |
| Blood nitrogen urea (mg/dL) | 0.365 | |||||
| <24 | 1728 | Ref | 1.08 (0.68-1.73) | 1.34 (0.81-2.20) | 2.79 (1.77-4.39) | |
| ≥24 | 1865 | Ref | 0.83 (0.54-1.27) | 1.06 (0.71-1.27) | 1.76 (1.24-2.50) | |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 0.123 | |||||
| <138 | 1456 | Ref | 1.16 (0.73-1.84) | 1.26 (0.79-2.00) | 2.28 (1.53-3.39) | |
| ≥138 | 2137 | Ref | 0.89 (0.58-1.37) | 1.50 (1.00-2.25) | 3.02 (2.10-4.33) | |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 0.290 | |||||
| <4.1 | 1625 | Ref | 0.95 (0.60-1.50) | 1.70 (1.09-2.64) | 3.12 (2.09-4.65) | |
| ≥4.1 | 1968 | Ref | 1.04 (0.68-1.61) | 1.17 (0.77-1.79) | 2.39 (1.66-3.44) |
Binary logistic regression analysis was used, and results were presented as OR (odds ratio) and 95% CI (confidence interval). Abbreviation: AG: anion gap; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.