Table 1.
Effect of different antiplatelet drug treatments on outcome in ischemic stroke.
| Mechanism of action | Primary prevention of ischemic stroke | Acute phase of ischemic stroke | Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal studies | Human studies | Animal studies | Human studies | Animal studies | Human studies | ||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Cyclooxygenase inhibitor | Beneficial [182] | Neutral (beneficial after artery stenting) [166] | Beneficial [161] | Beneficial in TIA and minor stroke (NIHSS ≤ 3) [183] | Beneficial [184] | Beneficial [154] |
| Clopidogrel | Inhibitor of P2Y12 receptor | Beneficial [185] | Neutral (beneficial after artery stenting) [166] | Beneficial [186] | Beneficial in TIA and minor stroke (NIHSS ≤ 3) [183] | Beneficial [185] | Beneficial [154] |
| Prasugrel | Inhibitor of P2Y12 receptor | Beneficial [187] | Neutral (beneficial after ACS) [188] | Beneficial [186] | Harmful [154] | Beneficial [189] | Harmful [190] |
| Ticagrelor | Inhibitor of P2Y12 receptor | Beneficial [191] | Neutral (better prevention with higher hemorrhage incidence) [192] | Beneficial [191] | Harmful [154] | No data found | Neutral (better prevention with higher hemorrhage incidence) [193] |
| Cangrelor | Inhibitor of P2Y12 receptor | Neutral [188] | No data found | Beneficial [186] | Harmful [154] | No data found | Beneficial in stroke prevention in the perioperative period [194] |
| Vorapaxar | PAR-1 antagonist | No data found | Harmful [195] | No data found | Harmful [169] | No data found | Harmful/neutral [196, 197] |
| Tirofiban | GPIIb/IIIa blocker | Beneficial (group effect) [198] | No data found [199] (neutral/harmful in the second-generation GPIIb/IIIa blockers) | Beneficial [172] | Beneficial [157] | Beneficial [198] | Uncertain [200] |
| Abciximab | GPIIb/IIIa blocker | Beneficial (group effect) [198] | No data found [199] (neutral/harmful in the second-generation GPIIb/IIIa blockers) | Beneficial [201] | Uncertain [154] | Beneficial [198] | Harmful [199] |
| Eptifibatide | GPIIb/IIIa blocker | Beneficial (group effect) [198] | No data found [199] (neutral/harmful in the second-generation GPIIb/IIIa blockers) | Beneficial [201] | Beneficial [151] | Beneficial [198] | Uncertain [200] |
| Anfibatide | GPIb blocker | Beneficial [202] | No data found | Beneficial [172] | No data found | No data found | No data found |
| Caplacizumab | Anti-vWF antibody, blocker of platelet GPI-vWF adhesion | Beneficial [173] | No data found | Beneficial [173] | No data found | No data found | No data found |
| ADAMTS13 | Recombinant human enzyme transforming vWF to smaller, less active forms | Beneficial [175] | No data found | Beneficial [203] | No data found | No data found | No data found |
| rHA-infestin-4 | XIIa inhibitor | Beneficial [176] | No data found | Beneficial [204] | No data found | No data found | No data found |
| Revacept | Competitive blocker of platelet GPVI adhesion to vWF | Beneficial [177] | Beneficial [205] | Beneficial [206] | No data available (ongoing study of patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective PCI) | No data found | No data found |
| F-0401 | Dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with PAF antagonistic action | Beneficial [179] | No data found | Beneficial [207] | Beneficial (in the study of human astrocytoma and neuroblastoma cells) [207] | No data found | No data found |
| BN 50739 | PAF antagonist | Beneficial [180] | No data found | Beneficial [209] | No data found | No data found | No data found |
| Inclacumab | P-selectin neutralizing antibody | No data found | No data found | No data found | No data available (beneficial in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) [181] | No data found | No data found |