Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by frailty status
| Non-frail (n = 39) | Pre-frail (n = 39) | Frail (n = 36) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 67 (64–74) | 68 (63–75) | 73 (66–77) | 0.054 |
| Sex, no. (%) | 0.435 | |||
| Female | 19 (48.72) | 17 (43.59) | 21 (58.33) | |
| Male | 20 (51.28) | 22 (56.41) | 15 (41.67) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.03 (21.2–25.68) | 23.04 (21.46–25.65) | 23.03 (22.03–24.99) | 0.720 |
| Smoking, no. (%) | 5 (12.82) | 8 (20.51) | 6 (16.67) | 0.660 |
| Drinking, no. (%) | 6 (15.36) | 5 (12.82) | 6 (16.67) | 0.892 |
| CCI | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0.5–2) | 0.420 |
| Symptoms, no. (%) | ||||
| Fever | 32 (82.05) | 29 (74.36) | 26 (72.22) | 0.569 |
| Myalgia | 2 (5.13) | 6 (15.38) | 2 (5.56) | 0.290 |
| Pharyngalgia | 2 (5.26) | 1 (2.56) | 1 (2.78) | 0.843 |
| Dry cough | 28 (71.79) | 22 (56.41) | 22 (61.11) | 0.354 |
| Expectoration | 13 (33.33) | 14 (35.9) | 10 (27.78) | 0.747 |
| Haemoptysis | 4 (10.26) | 1 (2.56) | 0 (0) | 0.126 |
| Dyspnoea | 11 (28.21) | 16 (41.03) | 19 (52.78) | 0.095 |
| Chest pain | 1 (2.56) | 2 (5.13) | 1 (2.78) | 1.000 |
| Anorexia | 20 (51.28) | 24 (61.54) | 25 (69.44) | 0.271 |
| Diarrhoea | 6 (15.38) | 2 (5.13) | 4 (11.11) | 0.327 |
| Nausea | 5 (12.82) | 3 (7.69) | 3 (8.33) | 0.787 |
| Length of stay, median (IQR) | 17 (12–30) | 25 (13–34) | 27 (12–37) | 0.556 |
| Onset-severe time, median (IQR) | 36 (29–47) | 25 (16–38) | 16 (11–24) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory findings, median (IQR) | ||||
| White blood cell count, × 109/L | 5.44 (4.21–6.77) | 6.04 (4.63–8.03) | 6.77 (4.53–9.7) | 0.024 |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109/L | 1.21 (0.79–1.7) | 1.07 (0.6–1.46) | 0.72 (0.53–1.21) | 0.003 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 122 (113–132) | 118 (105–130) | 122.5 (111–137) | 0.581 |
| Albumin, g/L | 37.4 (33.2–40.8) | 36 (32.4–39.6) | 36.3 (33–37.8) | 0.099 |
| Characteristics | ||||
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 65 (53–76) | 61 (53–75) | 61.5 (47–75) | 0.265 |
| CD8+, count/μL | 236 (160–365) | 207 (120–305) | 125 (44–329) | 0.018 |
| D-dimer, mg/L | 0.8 (0.41–1.12) | 1.61 (0.65–3.93) | 1.69 (0.67–4.65) | 0.004 |
| CRP, mg/L | 5.60 (0–63.5) | 27.40 (0.-60.20) | 55.20 (17.80–102.7) | 0.008 |
Data are median (IQR), n (%). p values were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate
BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein