Table 1.
Patients’ Characteristics before and after Propensity Score Matching.
| Before Matching | After Matching | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (n=14,437) | Control (n=45,528) | ASD | Carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (n=14,379) | Control (n=14,379) | ASD | ||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 74 (12) | 74 (12) | 74 (12) | 74 (12) | |||
| Age, years, n (%) | |||||||
| ≤49 | 620 (4.3) | 1,977 (4.3) | 0.2 | 619 (4.3) | 603 (4.3) | 0.1 | |
| 50–59 | 1,292 (8.6) | 3,937 (8.6) | 1.1 | 1,283 (8.9) | 1,226 (8.5) | 0.0 | |
| 60–69 | 2,758 (19) | 8,685 (19) | 0.1 | 2,747 (19) | 2,797 (20) | 1.8 | |
| 70–79 | 4,346 (30) | 14,191 (31) | 2.3 | 4,333 (30) | 4,476 (31) | 0.2 | |
| 80–89 | 4,517 (31) | 13,994 (31) | 1.2 | 4,495 (31) | 4,436 (31) | 1.0 | |
| ≥90 | 904 (6.3) | 2,774 (6.0) | 1.0 | 903 (6.3) | 842 (5.9) | 1.4 | |
| Male, n (%) | 8,875 (62) | 27,714 (61) | 1.2 | 8,840 (62) | 8,927 (62) | 1.6 | |
| Body mass index, n (%) | |||||||
| ≤18.5 | 1,138 (7.9) | 3,610 (7.9) | 0.2 | 1,134 (7.9) | 1,108 (7.7) | 1.2 | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 8,321 (58) | 26,315 (58) | 0.3 | 8,285 (58) | 8,416 (59) | 1.4 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 3,224 (22) | 10,138 (22) | 0.2 | 3,212 (22) | 3,251 (23) | 0.8 | |
| ≥30.0 | 635 (4.4) | 1,868 (4.1) | 1.5 | 632 (4.4) | 578 (4.0) | 0.9 | |
| Missing data | 1,119 (7.8) | 3,597 (7.9) | 0.6 | 1,117 (7.8) | 1,027 (7.1) | 2.1 | |
| Smoking history, n (%) | |||||||
| Nonsmoker | 8,601 (60) | 28,025 (62) | 4.1 | 8,592 (60) | 8,623 (60) | 0.7 | |
| Current/past smoker | 3,913 (27) | 12,716 (28) | 1.8 | 3,906 (27) | 3,948 (28) | 1.3 | |
| Missing data | 1,923 (13) | 4787 (11) | 8.7 | 1,882 (13) | 1,809 (13) | 2.8 | |
| Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 8,477 (59) | 25,877 (57) | 3.8 | 8,435 (59) | 8,599 (60) | 2.3 | |
| 1 | 3,539 (25) | 10,997 (24) | 0.8 | 3,526 (24) | 3,457 (24) | 0.4 | |
| 2 | 1,573 (11) | 5,608 (12) | 4.4 | 1,572 (11) | 1,547 (11) | 1.1 | |
| 3 | 554 (3.8) | 1,987 (4.4) | 2.7 | 553 (3.8) | 530 (3.7) | 1.3 | |
| ≥4 | 294 (2.0) | 1,059 (2.3) | 2.0 | 294 (2.0) | 247 (1.7) | 2.6 | |
| Hospital volume, number of cases (%) | |||||||
| Low (1–44) | 3,671 (25) | 11,856 (26) | 1.4 | 3,665 (26) | 3,703 (26) | 0.6 | |
| Medium-low (45–91) | 3,669 (25) | 10,953 (24) | 3.7 | 3,653 (25) | 3,700 (26) | 0.6 | |
| Medium-high (92–168) | 3,566 (25) | 11,614 (26) | 1.9 | 3,562 (25) | 3,565 (25) | 0.0 | |
| High (168–510) | 3,531 (25) | 11,205 (25) | 0.4 | 3,500 (24) | 3,412 (24) | 1.2 | |
| Teaching hospital, n (%) | 11,923 (83) | 37,400 (82) | 1.2 | 11,872 (83) | 12,037 (84) | 2.5 | |
| Intensive care unit admitted, n (%) | 547 (3.8) | 2,821 (6.2) | 11 | 68 (0.5) | 73 (0.5) | 1.0 | |
| Examination on the day of admission | |||||||
| Computed tomography | 9,811 (68) | 28,713 (63) | 10 | 9,754 (68) | 9,741 (68) | 0.6 | |
| Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, only for examination | 565 (3.9) | 2,288 (5.0) | 5.4 | 563 (3.9) | 519 (3.6) | 2.2 | |
| Colonoscopy, only for examination | 4,055 (28) | 10,961 (24) | 9.1 | 4,009 (28) | 3,971 (28) | 0.0 | |
| Treatment on the day of admission | |||||||
| Oxygen administration | 1,051 (7.3) | 3,798 (8.3) | 4.0 | 1,048 (7.3) | 927 (6.4) | 3.4 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 13 (0.1) | 69 (0.2) | 1.8 | 13 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 0.0 | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 111 (0.8) | 433 (1.0) | 2.0 | 111 (0.8) | 93 (0.6) | 0.0 | |
| Vasopressor | 262 (1.8) | 722 (1.6) | 1.8 | 260 (1.8) | 220 (1.5) | 2.3 | |
| Colonoscopy, for treatment | 2,223 (15) | 7,124 (16) | 0.7 | 2,216 (15) | 2,134 (15) | 2.3 | |
| Interventional radiology | 186 (1.3) | 865 (1.9) | 4.9 | 186 (1.3) | 162 (1.1) | 1.7 | |
| Red blood cell transfusion, mL, mean (SD) | 2,213 (15) | 7,508 (17) | 3.2 | 2,205 (15) | 2,034 (14) | 3.3 | |
| Fresh-frozen plasma transfusion, mL, mean (SD) | 53 (0.4) | 254 (0.6) | 2.8 | 52 (0.4) | 52 (0.4) | 0.7 | |
| Platelet concentrate transfusion, mL, mean (SD) | 10 (0.1) | 31 (0.1) | 0.0 | 10 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 0.5 | |
| Vitamin K | 372 (2.6) | 801 (1.8) | 5.6 | 357 (2.5) | 324 (2.3) | 1.7 | |
| Antiplatelet | 234 (1.6) | 998 (0.2) | 4.2 | 234 (1.6) | 196 (1.4) | 0.8 | |
| Anticoagulant | 69 (0.5) | 296 (0.7) | 2.3 | 69 (0.5) | 54 (0.4) | 0.9 | |
| Steroid use | 165 (1.1) | 671 (1.5) | 2.9 | 164 (1.1) | 149 (1.0) | 0.5 | |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use | 187 (1.3) | 695 (1.5) | 2.0 | 187 (1.3) | 170 (1.2) | 1.1 | |
| Proton pump inhibitor use | 1,973 (14) | 6,371 (14) | 0.9 | 1,972 (14) | 1,846 (13) | 3.7 | |
| H2-receptor antagonist use | 1,487 (10) | 2,452 (5.4) | 18 | 1,430 (9.9) | 1,424 (9.9) | 0.2 | |
ASD: absolute standardized difference, SD: standard deviation, H2: type-2 histamine receptor