Table 2.
Offspring And Parental Characteristics in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,a With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication (n = 1764)
| MoBa questionnaires; data from the child age 3 year questionnaire |
Without medication (n = 402) |
With medication (n = 1362) |
Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child development | % (n) | % (n) | |
| Neurobiological risk at birth | 27.9 (112/402) | 26.5 (361/1362) | χ2 = 0.29, p = 0.59 |
| Age 3 Delayed motor development | 3.2 (13/402) | 3.4 (46/1362) | χ2 = 0.20, p = 0.89 |
| Age 3 Delayed language development | 6.5 (26/402) | 8.4 (114/1362) | χ2 = 1.54, p = 0.22 |
| Child psychiatric symptoms | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t-Test |
| Age 3 ADHD (CBCL) | 4.9 (2.6) | 5.3 (2.8) | t = −1.82, p = 0.07 |
| Age 3 Anxiety (CBCL) | .83 (1.0) | .95 (1.1) | t = −1.32, p = 0.19 |
| Age 3 Disruptive (CBCL) | 3.3 (1.8) | 3.6 (2.0) | t = −2.21, p = 0.03, d = 0.16 |
| Parent characteristics and symptoms | |||
| Single parent | 6.9% (n = 24/348) | 6.3% (n = 73/1155) | χ2 = 0.15, p = 0.70 |
| Mean years of education, both parents/2 (SD) | 13.1 (2.2) | 13.0 (2.2) | t = 0.79, p = 0.43 |
| Maternal age at delivery in years, mean (SD) | 28.6 (5.4) | 28.3 (5.1) | t = 0.78, p = 0.44 |
| RSS, mean (SD) | 4.2 (6.4) | 4.5 (6.4) | t = −0.78, p = 0.44 |
| SWLS, mean (SD) | 9.4 (12.7) | 10.6 (13.1) | t = −1.59, p = 0.11 |
| Maternal ADHD symptoms (ASRS-6), mean (SD) | 7.8 (3.8) | 7.7 (4.3) | t = 0.26, p = 0.80 |
| Maternal anxiety and depression (SCL-8), mean (SD) | 11.8 (4.8) | 11.6 (4.2) | t = 0.70, p = 0.49 |
| Maternal symptoms of anger (DES), mean (SD) | 7.2 (2.3) | 7.4 (2.3) | t = −1.1, p = 0.29 |
Significant p-value is in bold.
a
Registered in the NPR with an ICD-10 diagnosis of Hyperkinetic disorder (F90) or Attention Deficit Disorder (F98.8) between the years 2008 and 2013.
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASRS-6, Adult Self-Report Scale; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; DES, Differential Emotional Scale; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; MoBa, Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study; NPR, Norwegian Patient Registry; SCL, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-8 items.