Fig. 5.

Macrophages increase and polarize in the brain–heart interaction. A Representative immunocytochemical staining for the macrophage marker IBA1 (arrows) in cardiac tissue (magnification, 400 × ; scale bar, 100 μm). B, C Relative mRNA expression of macrophage-polarization markers in apex myocardial tissue (M1 markers: CD16, INOS, and TNF-α; M2 markers: Ym1/2, IL-10, and TGF-β) (n = 3 in nonDM-Sham, non-DM stroke, DM-Sham and DM-Stroke; n = 7 in Vehicle-Stroke and CY-09-Stroke). IL, interleukin; INOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA).