Table 2.

Overview of count- and dose-based indicators calculated by different systems for analyzing AMU at farm-level.

Countrya	System(s)	Typeb	Indicatorc	Formula of indicatorc, d
Austria	PHAROS	Dose based	DDDvet/kg/year	mg AB used/DDDvet × n animals at risk × kg standard weight
	PHD	Count based	TH/UTH	n treated herds/n untreated herds
Belgium	All	Dose based	TD100	(mg AB used/DDDAbel × kg animal at risk × n days at risk) × LA−factor × 100
	Sanitel-Med	Dose based*	Contract score	[(% green ACU ÷ 2) − (% red ACU ÷ 2) + 0, 5] × 100
Canada	CIPARS	Count based	pp TF|H	n treated flocks | herds/total n flocks | herds
		Dose based	DDDvetCA/PCU	$\left(\frac{\text{Milligrams active ingredient}/{\text{DDDvetCA}}_{\text{mg}/\text{kg}/\text{day}}}{\text{Total animals }\times \text{Standard weight at treatment }}\right)$
			DDDvetCA/1000 AD	$\left(\frac{\text{Milligrams active ingredient}/{\text{DDDvetCA}}_{\text{mg}/\text{kg}/\text{day}}}{\text{Total animals }\times \text{standard weight }\times \text{days at risk}}\right)\times 1,000$
Switzerland	IS ABV	Count based	ATI	n treated animals × n treatment days × n substances/n animals per year
		Dose based	Treatment intensity	(mg AB used/DDDvet or DDDCH × kg animal at risk × n days at risk) x 100
	SuisSano | Safety+	Count based	ATI	n treated animals × n treatment days × n substances/n animals per year*LA Factor*HPCIA Factor
		Dose based	DCDvet/animal/year	(mg AB used/DCDvet × standard weight × n animals at risk per year)
			DCDCH/animal/year	(mg AB used/DCDCH × standard weight × n animals at risk per year)
The Czech Republic	Q VET pigs	Dose based	ADD/100 animal-days
Germany	HIT	Count based	Treatment frequency	n treated animals × n treatment days × n substances/n animals per day
	QS	Count based	Therapy index	n treated animals × n treatment days /total animal capacity
	VetCAb	Count based	Treatment frequency	n treated animals × n treatment days × n substances/total animal capacity
Denmark	VetStat	Dose based	ADD/100 animal-days	(mg AB used /technical daily dosage (ADD) × kg animal at risk × n days at risk) × 100
Finland	AH ETT poultry	Count based	pp TF	n treated flocks/total n flock
France	CLIPP	Count based	IFTA	$\sum _{\text{t}=1}^{\text{z}}{(\text{n treament days}\times \text{n substances})}_t/\text{n days in reproduction cycle or rearing period}$ With t = the number of treatments
	GVET	Count based	Treatments/animal	$\sum _{t=1}^z$(n treated animals)t/n animals at risk With t = the number of treatments
			Treatment days/animal	$\sum _{t=1}^z$(n treated animals × n treatment days)t/n animals at risk With t = the number of treatments
	GVET | INAPORC	Dose based	CD/animal	mg AB used/DCDAFR × kg animals at riskn animals at risk
			DD/animal	mg AB used/DDDAFR × kg animals at risk/n animals at risk
	RefA2vi	Dose based	DDDFR/kg slaughtered	mg AB used/DDDFR/kg animals slaughtered
			DCDFR/kg slaughtered	mg AB used/DCDFR/kg animals slaughtered
	VEAL	Count based	Treatments/animal	$\sum _{\text{t}=1}^{\text{z}}{(\text{n treated animals})}_{\text{t}}/\text{n animals at risk}$ With t = the number of treatments
			Treatment days/animal	$\sum _{\text{t}=1}^{\text{z}}{(\text{n treated animals }\times \text{ n treatment days})}_{\text{t}}/\text{n animals at risk}$ With t = the number of treatments
		Dose based	ALEA	mg AB used/DCDAFR × n animals slaughtered × standard weight
Italy	ClassyFarm	Dose based	DCDIT/animal/period	mg AB used /DDDAIT × kg animals at risk
The Netherlands	SQS/SDa	Dose based	DDDANL/yr	kg treatable animals/kg animals at risk
		Der	VBI	AUC of ln-transformed ratio DDDAnl/yr and applicable thresholds over all 1-on-1-farms
Sweden	SPMA	Count based	pp TF	n treated flocks/total n flocks
The United Kingdom	BEIC	Count based	ADD/100 animal-days
	BPC-AS	Mass based	mg/kg	mg AB used/kg animals at risk
	eMB-Pigs	Mass based	mg/kg	mg AB used/kg animals at risk
	SSPO	Mass based	mg/kg	mg AB used/kg animals at risk

^aAT, Austria; BE, Belgium; CA, Canada; CH, Switzerland; CZ, the Czech Republic; DE, Germany; DK, Denmark; FI, Finland; FR, France; IT, Italy; NL, the Netherlands; SE, Sweden; UK, United Kingdom.

^b*Derived from (dose-based) farm-level benchmarking results.

^cADD, animal daily dose; ATI, (animal treatment index); ALEA, Animal Level of Exposure to Antimicrobials; CD, course dose; DD, daily dose; DCD_CH, defined daily dose for animals as defined for Switzerland; DCD_IT, defined daily dose for animals as defined for Italy; DDD_FR/DCD_FR, defined daily/course dose for animals as defined for France; DDDA_NL, defined daily dose for animals as defined for the Netherlands; DDDvet/DCDvet, defined daily/course dose for animals as defined by EMA (EMA, 2015); DDDvetCA, defined daily dose for animals as defined for Canada; IFTA, Index of Frequency of Treatments with Antibiotics (number of treatment days related to rearing period); PCU, population correction unit, as defined by EMA (EMA, 2011); pp, proportion; TF|H, treated flocks | herds; UTH, untreated herds; VBI, Veterinary Benchmark Indicator.

^dAB, active substance of an antibiotic; ACU, animal category unit, representing a single farm-level benchmarking result, with green being low use (= below the lower threshold as defined in the specific system) and red high use (above the higher threshold as defined in the specific system); AUC, area under the curve; DDDA_bel, defined daily dose for animals defined at Belgian national level; LA-factor, long-acting factor; the technical daily dosage is based on the ADD principle, where each registered antimicrobial product in Denmark is assigned a specific dosage.