Table 1.

Potential pathways as targets for existing antibodies

Drug	Primary role of the pathway in specific cholestatic liver disease	Previous disease of drug-testing	Ref.
Anti-CD40 (dacetuzumab/lucatumumab)	T-cell-B-cell interactions in primary biliary cholangitis	Multiple sclerosis (pre-clinical)	[53]
Anti-CXCL10 (MDX-1100)	CXCR3-CXCL9/10/11 CXCR3 is upregulated on liver-infiltrating Th1 and Th17 in primary biliargy cholangitis	Rheumatoid arthritis	[54]
Anti-CXCL13 (Mab 5261)	T- and B-cell migration to germinal centers in primary biliary cholangitis	Preclinical development	[55]
Anti-CCR6	Recruitment of Th17 cells around inflamed biliary epithelial cells in primary biliary cholangitis	Preclinical development	[56]
Anti-GRP35	Activation of GPR35 reduces IL-4 release from natural killer T cells in primary sclerosing cholangitis	Antibody recently developed	[57]
Anti-PRKD2	SIK2 pathway in PSC, AMPK-related kinase PRKD2 polymorphism are seen in early inflammatory bowel disease in primary sclerosing cholangitis	Preclinical development	[58]

PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.