Table 3.

The summary of typical applications of different types of nanophotocatalysts.

Type of Nanophotocatalyst		Photocatalytic Activity	Ref (s)
Metal oxides	TiO2	Degradation of expired drugs and pharmaceutical compounds, dyes in textile industries, pesticides, cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR, parabens. Photocatalytic films covering scalpels, surgical masks, and catheters	[96,102]
	ZnO	Photocatalytic degradation of acridine orange, methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB)	[126,127]
	Fe2O3	Photodegradation of dibutyl phthalate in wastewater, Photocatalytic oxidation of aniline to azobenzene	[138,140]
	Gd2O3	Photodegradation of MO, 4-chlorophenol, neurotoxicity chloramphenicol drug	[144]
	Sb2O4	Photodegradation of acridine orange, Removal of heavy metals (e.g., mercury) from wastewater	[147]
Binary metal oxides	ZnO-CeO2	Photodegradation for MB and acridine orange	[130]
	CuxS-TiO2	Photodegradation of dyes	[154]
	CeO2-CdO	Antimicrobial activity of bacteria and fungi	[155]
Metal sulfides	ZnS, CdS	Visible light assisted water splitting	[156]
Magnetic nanophotocatalysts	Fe3O4@TiO2	Degradation of rhodamine B (RhB), MB, Quinoline	[166,167,168]
	NiFe2O4@TiO2	Degradation of MO	[169]
	CoFe2O4@TiO2	Degradation of procion red MX-5B (PR)	[170]
	ZnFe2O4@TiO2	Degradation of MO	[171]
	BaFe12O19@TiO2	Degradation of PR	[172]
	SrFe12O19@TiO2	Degradation of PR	[173]
Graphene	P25–G	Decomposing MB under UV and visible light, Decomposing benzene (gas phase) under UV light	[174,175]
	TiO2–G	Decomposing MB under sunlight light, Decomposing MB under UV light, Decomposing MO under UV light, Decomposing rhodamine B (RhB) under UV light, Decomposing RhB under visible light	[176,177,178,179]
	SnO2–G	Decomposing RhB under visible light	[180]
	Bi2WO6–G	Decomposing RhB under visible light	[181]
	ZnO–G	Decomposing MB under UV light	[182]
	ZnFe2O4–G	Decomposing MB under visible light	[183]
	BiVO4–G	Photoelectrochemical water splitting	[184]
	CdS–G	Photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light	[185]
Quantum dots	ZnS QDs	Degradation of Methyl violet, Victoria blue, Malachite green, Thymol blue, Congo red, Safranin, MB, HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5- trinitro-1,3,5-triazine)	[186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204]
	Graphene QDs	Degradation of New fuchsin, RhB, MO	[192,193,194]
	Carbon QDs/BiOX (X = Br, Cl)	Degradation of Phenol RhB, Ciprofloxacin, Bisphenol A (BPA)	[195]
	Carbon QD/NZnO	Degradation of Malachite green, MB, Fluorescein	[196]
	Graphitic carbon nitride QDs	Degradation of RhB	[197]
	CdS QDs	Degradation of Alizarin, Acid violet, Mordant red, Thymol blue	[198]
	CdSe/ZnS QDs	Degradation of Methyl green	[199]
	TiO2 QDs	Degradation of Indigo carmine, Ketorolac tromethamine	[200,201]
	ZnO foam/carbon QDs	Degradation of RhB, MO, MB	[202]
	Ag@AgCl QDs Sensitized Bi2WO6	Degradation of RhB	[203]
Smart materials (self-cleaning)	ZnO	Decomposition of organic contaminants	[205]
	TiO2	Self-decontamination textiles, the antibacterial activity of UV shielding	[206]
	PVDF/TiO2	Antifouling/self-cleaning, photoactive, and bactericidal	[207]