Topical application of CEFFE accelerated wound healing in db/db mice. A. Representative images of wound healing in the PBS, CEFFEhigh, and CEFFElow groups. B. Percentage of original wound area in each group on day 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 post-wounding. Quantitative analysis of wound closure indicated that the CEFFEhigh group exhibited the highest wound healing rate among all groups. C. Time taken for wound healing in db/db mice. CEFFEhigh group exhibited the shortest healing time among all groups. Data are represented as mean ± SD; n = 6, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.