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. 2020 Sep 7;26(33):4900–4918. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i33.4900

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Modulation of natural killer cells cytotoxic activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumor cells with tumor-associated macrophages and other cells within tumor microenvironment are involved in dysfunctional activity of natural killer cells (NK), reducing their ability to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. Down regulation of NKG2D, up-regulation of different inhibitory receptors, secretion of cytokines from cancer-associated fibroblasts and Treg, interaction of CD48/2B4 are the main mechanisms involved in NK exhaustion. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NK: Natural killer cells; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophages; IL-10: Interleukin-10; MHC-1: major histocompatibility complex class I; KIR: Killer Ig-like receptors.