Table 2.
Suggestions for selecting DMARDs/immunosuppressants when immune-based diseases concomitant with viral infection.
| Drugs Virus |
Chloroquine/HCQ | Baricitinib | CsA | Hydroxyurea | Minocycline | MMF/MPA | Leflunomide | Tofacitinib | Thalidomide |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retrovirus | |||||||||
| HIV | △ | △ | • | • | • | ||||
| HTLV-1 | • Animal | ||||||||
| RNA virus | |||||||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | △ | • | • In vitro | • Case report | |||||
| Influenza | △ | • In vitro | • Animal | ||||||
| Dengue virus | △ | • In vitro | • In vitro | ||||||
| JEV | • | ||||||||
| HCV | • Case report | • | • | ||||||
| RSV | • In vitro | • Animal | |||||||
| DNA virus | |||||||||
| HSV | • In vitro | • Case reports | |||||||
| CMV | • | ||||||||
| HHV-8 | • | ||||||||
| HBV | △ | ||||||||
| BKV | △ | ||||||||
| Parvovirus B19 | • | ||||||||
• Evidence showed positive results.
△ Literature revealed both positive and negative results.
BKV, BK virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CsA, cyclosporine A; DMARDs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; GAK, cyclin G-associated kinase; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HHV-8, human herpesvirus 8; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; HTLV-1, human T-cell–lymphotrophic virus-1; IMPDH, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; MDA5, melanoma differentiation activated protein 5; MMF/MPA, mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening; RCT, randomized-controlled trial; RNA, ribonucleic acid; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.