TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics for the Total Sample and by Mental State of the Participants
| Population 60+ | Never Mental Disorder Group1 | Past Mental Disorder Group2 | Current Mental Disorder Group3 | Statistical Test [df] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2,194 | N = 1,690 | N = 342 | N = 162 | ||
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||
| Age [Mean (SD)] | 65.62 (5.05) | 65.94 (5.12) | 64.70 (4.44) | 64.29 (5.14) | 14.943a [2], [2191]⁎⁎⁎⁎ |
| Gender [n (%)] | 42.894b [2] ⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| Female | 1198 (54.6) | 859 (50.8) | 226 (66.1) | 113 (69.8) | 1≠2c⁎⁎⁎⁎&3c⁎⁎⁎⁎ |
| Male | 996 (45.4) | 831 (49.2) | 116 (33.9) | 49 (30.2) | |
| Marital status [n (%)] | 34.932b [4] ⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| Never married | 212 (9.7) | 166 (9.8) | 31 (9.1) | 15 (9.3) | 1=2=3c |
| Married/Living as married | 1529 (69.7) | 1222 (72.3) | 208 (60.8) | 99 (61.1) | 1≠2c⁎⁎⁎⁎&3c⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎ |
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 453 (20.6) | 302 (17.9) | 103 (30.1) | 48 (29.6) | 1≠2c⁎⁎⁎⁎&3c⁎⁎⁎⁎ |
| Education level [n (%)] | 20.794b [4] ⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| Primary | 83 (3.8) | 65 (3.8) | 8 (2.3) | 10 (6.2) | 2≠3c* |
| Secondary | 624 (28.4) | 464 (27.5) | 93 (27.2) | 67 (41.4) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎⁎ |
| Higher | 1487 (67.8) | 1161 (68.7) | 241 (70.5) | 85 (52.5) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎⁎ |
| Work status [n (%)] | 28.694b [12] ⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| Unemployed | 72 (3.3) | 54 (3.2) | 13 (3.8) | 5 (3.1) | 1=2=3c |
| Working | |||||
| Employed | 206 (9.4) | 154 (9.1) | 32 (9.4) | 20 (12.3) | 1=2=3c |
| Self-employed | 215 (9.8) | 184 (10.9) | 21 (6.1) | 10 (6.2) | 1≠2c⁎⁎ |
| Civil servant | 383 (17.5) | 281 (16.6) | 73 (21.3) | 29 (17.9) | 1≠2c* |
| Retired | 1173 (53.5) | 908 (53.7) | 184 (53.8) | 81 (50.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Student/Homemaker | 40 (1.8) | 26 (1.5) | 5 (1.5) | 9 (5.6) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c* |
| Other | 105 (4.8) | 83 (4.9) | 14 (4.1) | 8 (4.9) | 1=2=3c |
| Income (€/month) [n (%)] | 45.520b [12]⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| No income | 69 (3.1) | 56 (3.3) | 4 (1.2) | 9 (5.6) | 1≠2c*, 2≠3c* |
| Less than 500 | 50 (2.3) | 44 (2.6) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (3.1) | 1≠2c⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c* |
| 500–999 | 163 (7.4) | 125 (7.4) | 25 (7.3) | 13 (8.0) | 1=2=3c |
| 1000–1499 | 264 (12.0) | 185 (10.9) | 43 (12.6) | 36 (22.2) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎ |
| 1500–1999 | 455 (20.7) | 335 (19.8) | 86 (25.1) | 34 (21.0) | 1≠2c* |
| More than 1999 | 999 (45.5) | 789 (46.7) | 158 (46.2) | 52 (32.1) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎⁎ |
| Prefer not to answer | 194 (8.8) | 156 (9.2) | 25 (7.3) | 13 (8.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Change in work status due to COVID-19 [n (%)] | 5.730b [6] | ||||
| No | 2075 (94.6) | 1599 (95.1) | 328 (96.2) | 148 (91.9) | 1=2=3c |
| ETLA/EPLO | 45 (2.1) | 35 (2.1) | 5 (1.5) | 5 (3.1) | 1=2=3c |
| Termination | 5 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Furlough | 59 (2.7) | 44 (2.6.) | 7 (2.1) | 8 (5.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Change in income due to COVID-19 [n (%)] | 10.089b [8] | ||||
| No | 1855 (84.5) | 1418 (83.9) | 296 (86.5) | 141 (87.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Reduction, ≤25% | 109 (5.0) | 81 (4.8) | 20 (5.8) | 8 (4.9) | 1=2=3c |
| Reduction, 26-50% | 121 (5.5) | 98 (5.8) | 18 (5.3) | 5 (3.1) | 1=2=3c |
| Reduction, 51–100% | 104 (4.7) | 89 (5.3) | 8 (2.3) | 7 (4.3) | 1≠2c* |
| Increase | 5 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1=2=3c |
| Living situation [n (%)] | 35.882b [6]⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| Alone | 445 (20.3) | 301 (17.8) | 103 (30.1) | 41 (25.3) | 1≠2c⁎⁎⁎⁎&3c* |
| With one other person | 1183 (53.9) | 944 (55.9) | 169 (49.4) | 70 (43.2) | 1≠2c*&3c⁎⁎⁎ |
| With two to four | 540 (24.6) | 423 (25.0) | 68 (19.9) | 49 (30.2) | 1≠2c*, 2≠3c* |
| With more than four | 26 (1.2) | 22 (1.3) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (1.2) | 1=2=3c |
| Dependent children [n (%)] | 3.426b [6] | ||||
| None | 1730 (78.9) | 1333 (78.9) | 269 (78.7) | 128 (79.0) | 1=2=3c |
| One | 263 (12.0) | 197 (11.7) | 43 (12.6) | 23 (14.2) | 1=2=3c |
| Two | 159 (7.2) | 124 (7.3) | 26 (7.6) | 9 (5.6) | 1=2=3c |
| More than two | 42 (1.9) | 36 (2.1) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 1=2=3c |
| Older adult dependents [n (%)] | 19.985b [4]⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| None | 1884 (85.9) | 1460 (86.4) | 302 (88.3) | 122 (75.3) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎ |
| One | 242 (11.0) | 178 (10.5) | 35 (10.2) | 29 (17.9) | 1≠3c⁎⁎, 2≠3c* |
| More than one | 68 (3.1) | 52 (3.1) | 5 (1.5) | 11 (6.8) | 1≠3c*, 2≠3c⁎⁎⁎ |
| Able to enjoy free time [n (%)] | 29.861b [2]⁎⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| No | 68 (3.1) | 38 (2.3) | 14 (4.1) | 16 (9.9) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c* |
| Yes | 2122 (96.7) | 1648 (97.7) | 328 (95.9) | 146 (90.1) | |
| March survey response day [n (%)] | 15.329b [14] | ||||
| 19 | 671 (30.6) | 524 (31.0) | 96 (28.1) | 51 (31.5) | 1=2=3c |
| 20 | 498 (22.7) | 394 (23.3) | 74 (21.6) | 30 (18.5) | 1=2=3c |
| 21 | 188 (8.6) | 136 (8.0) | 36 (10.5) | 16 (9.9) | 1=2=3c |
| 22 | 128 (5.8) | 86 (5.1) | 30 (8.8) | 12 (7.4) | 1≠2c* |
| 23 | 84 (3.8) | 66 (3.9) | 12 (3.5) | 6 (3.7) | 1=2=3c |
| 24 | 25 (1.1) | 20 (1.2) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1.2) | 1=2=3c |
| 25 | 133 (6.1) | 104 (6.2) | 23 (6.7) | 6 (3.7) | 1=2=3c |
| 26 | 467 (21.3) | 360 (21.3) | 68 (19.9) | 39 (24.1) | 1=2=3c |
| Physical disease and COVID-19 variables | |||||
| Current physical disease# [n (%)] | 12.759b [2]⁎⁎⁎ | ||||
| No | 876 (48.9) | 716 (50.9) | 123 (43.9) | 37 (35.2) | 1≠2c*&3c⁎⁎⁎ |
| Yes | 917 (51.1) | 692 (49.1) | 157 (56.1) | 68 (64.8) | |
| Days with COVID-19 symptoms [n (%)] | 18.795b [8]* | ||||
| None | 2083 (94.9) | 1612 (95.4) | 327 (95.6) | 144 (88.9) | 1≠3c⁎⁎⁎, 2≠3c⁎⁎ |
| One or two days | 41 (1.9) | 28 (1.7) | 6 (1.8) | 7 (4.3) | 1≠3c* |
| Three to five | 21 (1.0) | 16 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 3 (1.9) | 1=2=3c |
| Six to fourteen | 38 (1.7) | 29 (1.7) | 4 (1.2) | 5 (3.1) | 1=2=3c |
| More than fourteen | 11 (0.5) | 5 (0.3) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (1.9) | 1≠3c* |
| COVID-19 test taken [n (%)] | 2.262b [6] | ||||
| No | 2168 (98.8) | 1672 (99.0) | 336 (98.2) | 160 (98.8) | 1=2=3c |
| Yes, negative results | 11 (0.5) | 7 (0.4) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 1=2=3c |
| Yes, positive results | 9 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 1=2=3c |
| Yes, waiting for results | 5 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Family/Friends infected with COVID-19 [n (%)] | 9.195b [6] | ||||
| None | 1752 (79.9) | 1343 (79.7) | 272 (79.8) | 137 (85.6) | 1=2=3c |
| One | 198 (9.0) | 154 (9.1) | 28 (8.2) | 16 (10.0) | 1=2=3c |
| Two | 121 (5.5) | 100 (5.9) | 18 (5.3) | 3 (1.9) | 1≠3c* |
| More than two | 116 (5.3) | 89 (5.3) | 23 (6.7) | 4 (2.5) | 1≠3c* |
| Living with people infected with COVID-19 [n (%)] | 0.859b [2] | ||||
| No | 2155 (98.2) | 1658 (98.1) | 338 (98.8) | 159 (98.1) | 1=2=3c |
| Yes | 39 (2.8) | 32 (1.9) | 4 (1.2) | 3 (1.9) |
Notes: df: Degrees of freedom; ETLA: Employee Temporary Layoff. EPLO: Employee Permanent Layoff; #Physical disease includes: Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease (asthma, COPD, etc.), and cancer; NS: Not significant; SD: Standard Deviation.
a
ANOVA F-test (Duncan post-hoc: people without a lifetime mental disorders are significantly older than the other two groups, which do not differ from each other).
b
Chi-square test.
c
Fisher's exact test.
⁎
p < .05
⁎⁎
p < .01
⁎⁎⁎
p< .005
⁎⁎⁎⁎
p < .001.