Table 1.

Effects of MPE on outcome measures in various experimental models

↑, increase; ↓, decrease; (−), no change; FBG, fasting blood glucose; BW, body weight; FI, food intake; GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; HFD, high-fat diet; IS, insulin secretion; ITT, insulin tolerance test; NCD, normal chow diet; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PA, palmitate acid; WB, Western blotting.

db/db mice	HFD-induced obese mice	MIN6 cells	Primary islets from HFD-induced obese mice	Primary islets from NCD mice
↓ FBG (Fig. 1A); ↑ IS per week (Fig. 1B)	(−) FBG (Fig. 1C); (−) BG in OGTT (Fig. 1, D and E); ↑ IS in OGTT (Fig. 1F)	↑ GSIS (Fig. 3A); ↑ ATP/ADP ratio (Fig. 3B)	↑ GSIS (Fig. 3C); ↑ ATP/ADP ratio (Fig. 3D)
↑ percentage of β-cell area (Fig. 2, A and C); (−) percentage of α-cell area (Fig. 2B)	↑ percentage of β-cell area (Fig. 2, D and F); (−) percentage of α-cell area (Fig. 2E)	↓ pi3kca, pi3ckcd, csf2, nfκb1 in microarray analysis (Fig. 4, A–J)
↓ p65 nuclear translocation (Fig. 5, A and B)		↓ il1b RNA expression (Fig. 5C); ↓ IL-1β protein expression with inflammatory cytokine treatment (Fig. 5D)	↓ IL-1β RNA expression (Fig. 5E); ↓ IL-1β protein expression (Fig. 5F)	↑ GSIS with inflammatory cytokine treatment (Fig. 5G); ↓ il1b RNA expression with inflammatory cytokine treatment (Fig. 5H)
(−) BW, FI (Fig. S2, A and B); (−) ITT (Fig. S2C); (−) OGTT (Fig. S2, D and E)	(−) BW, FI (Fig. S3, C and D); (−) ITT (Fig. S3E)	MPE with IKK inhibitor treatment: ↓ GSIS (Fig. 6A); ↓ ATP/ADP ratio (Fig. 6B); ↑ il1b RNA expression (Fig. 6C); ↑ IL-1β protein expression (Fig. 6D)
↓ IL-1β expression in pancreas (Fig. S4, A and B)	↓ IL-1β expression in pancreas (Fig. S4, C, and D)	↓ P-p65, ↓ P-IΚB by WB (Fig. 7, A–C)	↓ P-p65, ↓ P-IΚB by WB (Fig. 7, D–F)	↓ P-p65, ↓ P-IΚB with inflammatory cytokine treatment by WB (Fig. 7, G–I)
	(−) cell proliferation in pancreas (Fig. S5); (−) apoptosis by TUNEL in pancreas (Fig. S6); (−) lipid profile, GLP-1, caspase-3, glucagon, α-glucosidase activity (Fig. S7)	MPE with PA treatment: (−) GSIS (Fig. S8, A–E)