Table III.
MSNs as Drug Delivery Platforms for Infectious Diseases Treatment Including Bacterial, Parasitic, Fungal and Viral Infections Besides Drugs Type, MSNs-Based Carriers, Microorganisms and Drugs Absorption and Release Mechanisms
| Drug | Carrier | Assay | Microorganism | Adsorption mechanism | Release mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rifampicin (RIF) | MSNs with 40 and 100 nm | In vitro | Staphylococcus aureus | Passive diffusion method | Diffusion | (110) |
| Levofloxacin (LEVO) | MSNs decorated with lectin concanavalin A (ConA) (MSNConA) | In vitro | Escherichia coli | Impregnation method | Diffusion | (111) |
| Norfloxacin (NFX) | MSNs-MCM-41, modified (vinyl groups) MSNs-MCM-41 and MSNs-MCM-48 | In vitro | E. coli | Impregnation method | Dissociation/diffusion | (112) |
| Gentamicin (GEN) | MSNs modified with a lipid bilayer surface shell and a bacterial-targeting peptide Ubiquicidin (UBI29-41) (MSNs-LU) | In vitro and in vivo (S. aureus-infected mice) | S. aureus | Impregnation method | Bacteria-responsive controlled release | (113) |
| Vancomycin (VAN) | MSNs dispersed onto gelatin matrix | In vitro and in vivo (induced bone infection) | S. aureus | Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (114) |
| Lysozyme (LYZ) | Hollow MSNs (HMSNs) with large and small cone shaped pores (HMSN-LP and HMSN-SP, respectively) | In vitro | E. coli | Ultrasonication method | Diffusion/sustained release | (115) |
| Doxycycline (DOXY) | MCM-41 modified with phenyl, mercaptopropyl, propylsulfonic and magnesium (MCM-C6H5, MCM-SH, MCM-SO3H and MCM-Mg, respectively) | In vitro | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Impregnation method | Dissociation/diffusion | (116) |
| Ciprofloxacin (CIP) | MSNs-SBA-16/hydroxyapatite (HA) modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), anchored with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) for chelating technetium-99m (99mTc-DTPA-SBA-16-APTES) | In vitro |
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Bacillus cereus |
Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (117) |
| Clofazimine (CFZ) | MSNs loaded with CFZ + acetophenone (AP) | In vitro | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Impregnation method | Diffusion/AP-assisted release | (118) |
| Levofloxacin (LEVO) | MSN modified with [3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyl]trimethoxysilane (DAMO) (MSNs-DAMO) | In vitro | E. coli | Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (119) |
| Silver and bismuth nanoparticles (Ag and Bi, respectively) | Ag-Bi@MSNs | In vitro and in vivo | methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) | In situ growth of Ag and Bi nanoparticles | Near-infrared (NIR)-responsive controlled release | (120) |
| DNase I(Deoxyribose nuclease I) | MSN-Ag | In vitro | E. coli and Streptococcus mutans biofilms | Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (121) |
| Vancomycin (VAN) | sufonated-hyaluronic acid (S-HA) terminated magnetic MSNs modified with S. aureus antibody (Ab) (Ab@S-HA@MMSNs) | In vitro | S. aureus | Impregnation method | Hyaluronidase (Hyal)-responsive controlled release | (122) |
| Silver nanoparticles (Ag) | poly-L-glutamic acid (PG) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) assembled by the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique onto MSN-Ag (LBL@MSN-Ag) | In vitro and in vivo | S. aureus-associated osteomyelitis infections | In situ growth of Ag nanoparticles | V8 enzyme-responsive controlled release | (123) |
| Levofloxacin (LEVO) | mixed-charge pseudo-zwitterionic MSNs (ZMSN) and PEGylated (PEG)-MSN | In vitro | E. coli and S. aureus | Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (124) |
| Moxifloxacin (MXF) | disulfide snap-top redox-operated MSNs (MSN-SS) | In vivo | Francisella tularensis | Impregnation method | Redox-responsive controlled release | (125) |
| Polymyxin B | MSNs, aminated MSNs (N-MSNs) and carboxyl modified MSNs (C-MSNs) | In vitro | P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Acinetobacter baumannii | Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (126) |
| Levofloxacin (LEVO) | MSNs-like SBA15, SBA15@NH2 and SBA15@NH2/PLA(polylactic acid) | In vitro | S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans and Aspergillus niger | Impregnation method | Acid pH-controlled release | (127) |
| Biocide Parmetol S15 | MSNs-like MCM-48 modified with quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) | In vitro | S. aureus and E. coli | Impregnation method | Diffusion/sustained release | (128) |
| Ethionamide (ETH) | carboxylic acid functionalized thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon nanoparticles (UnTHCPSi NPs) | In vitro | multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MRD-TB) | Covalent conjugation of ETH | --- | (129) |
| Moxifloxacin (MXF) | disulfide snap-top redox-operated MSNs modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (MSN-SS- β-CD) | In vitro and in vivo | Francisella tularensis | Impregnation method | Redox-responsive controlled release | (130) |
| Isoniazid (INH) | Hollow oblate MSNs (HOMSNs), trehalose-conjugated HOMSNs (HOMSNs-Tre) and mannose-conjugated HOMSNs (HOMSNs-Man) | In vitro | M. smegmatis (INH-resistant), Staphylococcus epidermidis and E. coli | Impregnation method | Slow/sustained release | (131) |
| Isoniazid (INH) | MSNs-CHO (aldehyde modified)-INH and MSNs-CHO-INH- poly(ethylene imine)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI-PEG) | In vitro and in vivo | M. tuberculosis | Impregnation method | pH-responsive controlled release | (132) |
| Isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF) | MSNs, PEI-MSNs and MSNs-MBI (1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole)-βCD (beta-cyclodextrin) | In vitro and in vivo | M. tuberculosis | Impregnation method | pH-responsive controlled release | (133) |
| Moxifloxacin (MFX) | MSNs-ANA (anilinoalkane)-αCD (alpha-cyclodextrin) and MSNs-MBI (1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole)-βCD (beta-cyclodextrin) | In vitro and in vivo | F. tularensis | Impregnation method | pH-responsive controlled release | (134) |
| Model drugs (Fluorescein and Hoechst 33342) | MSNs- Ft-LVS-LPS-FB11 | In vitro | F. tularensis | Impregnation method | Pathogen (Ft-LVS-LPS)-responsive controlled release | (135) |
| Antigenic Preparation of Soluble Worm (SWAP) | MSNs | In vivo | S. mansoni | Impregnation and sonication methods | --- | (136) |
| Benznidazole (BZ) | MSNs-MCM-41 functionalized with (3-glycidoxypropy) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and chitosan succinate (CS) | In vitro | T. cruzi | Simple impregnation Method | --- | (137) |
| Praziquantel (PZQ) | MSNs | In vivo | S. mansoni | Simple impregnation method | Sustained release | (138) |
| Metronidazole (MNZ) | Mesoporous silica whiskers-SBA-15 modified with tannic acid (TA) | In vitro | Trichomonas gallinae | Simple Impregnation method | pH-responsive controlled release | (139) |
| Econazole (ECO) | MSNs functionalized with aminopropyl groups (MCM-41-NH2) | In vitro and In vivo | C. albicans | Simple impregnation method | Slow/sustained release | (140) |
| Rose Bengal (RB) | Amino-modified MSNs conjugated with RB (MSNs-RB) | In vitro | C. albicans | Simple RB conjugation | Slow/controlled release | (141) |
| Tebuconazole (TEB) | MSNs-N3 (3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane) | In vitro | C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Simple impregnation method | pH-responsive controlled release | (142) |
| Zinc ions (Zn2+) | ZnO@MSNs | In vitro and In vivo | Aspergillus niger (MTCC 10180 and MTCC 2196) and two strains of Fusarium oxysporum (NCIM 1043 and NCIM 1072) | In situ growth of Zn nanoparticles under heating | Slow/sustained release | (143) |
| Silver ions (Ag+) | MSNs-AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) | In vitro | C. albicans | In situ AgNPs impregnation | Slow/sustained release | (144) |
| VEEV inhibitor (ML336) | Lipid (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC):Cholestrol:1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG(2000))-coated MSNs (LC-MSNs) | In vitro (TC-83 VEEV) and in vivo (TC-83 VEEV infected mice) | Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) | Impregnation/sonication methods | pH-responsive controlled release | (145) |
| --- | GAGs (glycosaminoglycans, sodium benzene sulfonate) mimetic-functionalized MSNs (MSNs-SO3) | In vitro | Herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 viruses (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively) | --- | --- | (146) |
| Acyclovir (ACV) | benzene sulfonate-modified MSNs, propyl thiol-modified MSNs, propyl sulfonate-modified MSNs, zwitterionic sulfonate-modified MSNs and phenyl-modified MSNs (MSNs-Phenyl-SO3, MSNs-Propyl-Thiol, MSNs-Propyl-SO3, MSNs-Zw-SO3 and MSNs-Phenyl, respectively) | In vitro | Herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 viruses (HSV1 and HSV2, respectively) | Sonication method | Slow/sustained release | (147) |
| --- | ((APTES), (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and trimethoxy-(2-phenylethyl)silane (TMPES) groups were used to modified MSNs surface and noted as MSNs-APTES, MSNs-GPTMS and MSNs-TMPES | In vitro | recombinant lentivirus with VSV-G and HIV-gp120 envelopes | --- | --- | (54) |
| PCV2 GST-ORF2-E protein | HMSNs | In vitro and in vivo | Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) | Sonication method | Slow/sustained release | (148) |