Figure 6. Whole-brain undirected arbitration signals.

Effects of arbitration in favor of one or the other source of information were detected in ventromedial PFC, orbitofrontal cortex, right frontopolar cortex, VLPFC, the left midbrain, bilateral fusiform gyrus, lateral occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, anterior insula, right amygdala, left thalamus, right cerebellum, bilateral middle cingulate sulcus and SMA. The figure shows whole-brain FWE-corrected voxel (red) - and cluster-level-corrected (yellow) results of an undirected F-test, p<0.05 (CDT = cluster defining voxel-level threshold).

Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Main effects of precision-weighted PEs about card and advice outcomes (Equations 8 and 14).

(a) Whole-brain activation by ${\epsilon }_2$: Activations by unsigned precision-weighted PE about the card probabilities (blue) were detected in the bilateral inferior/middle occipital gyri, anterior insula, bilateral inferior, medial and middle frontal gyri, and the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (whole-brain FWE peak- and cluster-level corrected, p<0.05). Activations by signed precision-weighted PE about the adviser fidelity (green) were observed in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, anterior insula, bilateral supplementary motor area, left middle temporal cortex, right posterior supior temporal sulcus, temporal-parietal junction, bilateral dorsolateral and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (whole-brain FWE peak- and cluster-level corrected, p<0.05). (b) Activation of the right VTA was associated with the unsigned precision-weighted PE about the card probabilities (blue) and activation of bilateral VTA/SN associated with the signed precision-weighted prediction error about the adviser fidelity (green). This activation is shown at p<0.05 FWE corrected for the volume of our anatomical mask comprising dopaminergic nuclei (yellow).

Figure 6—figure supplement 2. Main effects of precision-weighted PEs about card and advice volatility.

(a) Whole-brain activation by ${\epsilon }_3:$ Whole-brain activations by signed precision-weighted volatility PEs about the card probabilities (blue) were detected in the right superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and posterior insula. Whole-brain activations by signed precision-weighted volatility PEs about the adviser fidelity (green) were detected in the right anterior SMA and anterior insula (whole-brain FWE cluster-level corrected, p<0.05). (b) Whole-brain activation by ${\epsilon }_3$. in the PPT/LDT nuclei: Activation of the right cholinergic PPT/LDT associated with the signed precision-weighted volatility prediction error about the adviser fidelity is shown at p<0.05 FWE corrected for the volume of our anatomical mask comprising cholinergic nuclei (yellow).