Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by chronic kidney disease status.
| Characteristic | Category | Total sample |
CKD Diagnosis |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 23,692 | NO |
YES |
|||
| N = 21,231 (89.6%) | N = 2461 (10.4%) | ||||
| Person-level | |||||
| Age | Age at first visit in years (mean (std)) | 43.5 (16.6) | 41.3 (15.3) | 62.9 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | Non-Hispanic Asian | 803 (3.39%) | 768 (3.62%) | 35 (1.42%) | <.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11,013 (46.48%) | 9335 (43.97%) | 1678 (68.18%) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 1237 (5.22%) | 1108 (5.22%) | 129 (5.24%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 2716 (11.46%) | 2649 (12.48%) | 67 (2.72%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 7923 (33.44%) | 7371 (34.72%) | 552 (22.43%) | ||
| Sex | Female | 14,289 (60.31%) | 12,843 (60.49%) | 1446 (58.76%) | 0.0958 |
| Male | 9403 (39.69%) | 8388 (39.51%) | 1015 (41.24%) | ||
| Insurance | Missing | 625 (2.64%) | 605 (2.85%) | 20 (0.81%) | <.0001 |
| Commercial | 12,779 (53.94%) | 12,281 (57.84%) | 498 (20.24%) | ||
| Medicaid | 6052 (25.54%) | 5547 (26.13%) | 505 (20.52%) | ||
| Medicare | 2401 (10.13%) | 1581 (7.45%) | 820 (33.32%) | ||
| Medicare Advantage | 1835 (7.75%) | 1217 (5.73%) | 618 (25.11%) | ||
| Clinic visits | Per subject during the study period (mean (std)) | 3.9 (3.8) | 3.5 (3.2) | 7.6 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C | No | 22,847 (96.43%) | 20,626 (97.15%) | 2221 (90.25%) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 845 (3.57%) | 605 (2.85%) | 240 (9.75%) | ||
| HIV | No | 22,244 (93.89%) | 20,102 (94.68%) | 2142 (87.04%) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 1448 (6.11%) | 1129 (5.32%) | 319 (12.96%) | ||
| Coronary artery Disease | No | 22,811 (96.28%) | 20,769 (97.82%) | 2042 (82.97%) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 881 (3.72%) | 462 (2.18%) | 419 (17.03%) | ||
| Smoking status | Missing | 473 (2%) | 442 (2.08%) | 31 (1.26%) | <.0001 |
| No | 13,238 (55.88%) | 12,216 (57.54%) | 1022 (41.53%) | ||
| Yes | 9981 (42.13%) | 8573 (40.38%) | 1408 (57.21%) | ||
| Diabetes | No | 21,160 (89.31%) | 19,629 (92.45%) | 1531 (62.21%) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 2532 (10.69%) | 1602 (7.55%) | 930 (37.79%) | ||
| Hypertension | No | 17,230 (72.72%) | 16,471 (77.58%) | 759 (30.84%) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 6462 (27.28%) | 4760 (22.42%) | 1702 (69.16%) | ||
| Neighborhood-level | |||||
| Healthy food stores within 800 m | 1(0) | 6845 (28.89%) | 6118 (28.82%) | 727 (29.54%) | <.0001 |
| 2(0.5–0.9) | 9880 (41.70%) | 8777 (41.34%) | 1103 (44.82%) | ||
| 3(1.4–5.9) | 6967 (29.41%) | 6336 (29.84%) | 631 (25.64%) | ||
| Walk Score® | 1(20.4–77.9) | 7831 (33.05%) | 7008 (33.01%) | 823 (33.44%) | <.0001 |
| 2(78.0–85.9) | 7843 (33.10%) | 6890 (32.45%) | 953 (38.72%) | ||
| 3(86.0–99) | 8018 (33.84%) | 7333 (34.54%) | 685 (27.83%) | ||
| % > = high school education | 1 (41.9%-81.8%) | 7843 (33.10%) | 6814 (32.09%) | 1029 (41.81%) | <.0001 |
| 2 (82.0%-91.3%) | 7953 (33.57%) | 7057 (33.24%) | 896 (36.41%) | ||
| 3 (91.5%-100%) | 7896 (33.33%) | 7360 (34.67%) | 536 (21.78%) | ||
| Median household income (U.S. dollars) | 1(9945–30786) | 7901 (33.35%) | 6781 (31.94%) | 1120 (45.51%) | <.0001 |
| 2(31,124–57027) | 7894 (33.32%) | 7087 (33.38%) | 807 (32.79%) | ||
| 3(57,039–149,211) | 7897 (33.33%) | 7363 (34.68%) | 534 (21.7%) | ||
| % below poverty level | 1(0.7%-16.8%) | 7751 (32.72%) | 7112 (33.5%) | 639 (25.97%) | <.0001 |
| 2(16.8%-32.1%) | 8018 (33.84%) | 7251 (34.15%) | 767 (31.17%) | ||
| 3(32.4%-67.9%) | 7923 (33.44%) | 6868 (32.35%) | 1055 (42.87%) | ||
| SES Index | 1((-10.66)-(-2.68)) | 7894 (33.32%) | 6796 (32.01%) | 1098 (44.62%) | <.0001 |
| 2((-2.67)-4.46) | 8132 (34.32%) | 7277 (34.28%) | 855 (34.74%) | ||
| 3(4.47–14.1) | 7666 (32.36%) | 7158 (33.71%) | 508 (20.64%) | ||
| Social capital | 1(0.56–0.59) | 7905 (33.37%) | 6977 (32.86%) | 928 (37.71%) | <.0001 |
| 2(0.59–0.63) | 7937 (33.50%) | 7047 (33.19%) | 890 (36.16%) | ||
| 3(0.63–0.72) | 7850 (33.13%) | 7207 (33.95%) | 643 (26.13%) | ||
| % Hispanic | 1(0–3.23%) | 7900 (33.34%) | 6930 (32.64%) | 970 (39.41%) | <.0001 |
| 2(3.28%-7.27%) | 8099 (34.18%) | 7329 (34.52%) | 770 (31.29%) | ||
| 3(7.27%-90.63%) | 7693 (32.47%) | 6972 (32.84%) | 721 (29.3%) | ||
| % Non-Hispanic Black | 1(0–12.4%) | 7920 (33.43%) | 7359 (34.66%) | 561 (22.8%) | <.0001 |
| 2(12.73%-70.11%) | 7851 (33.14%) | 7086 (33.38%) | 765 (31.08%) | ||
| 3(70.19%-99.85%) | 7921 (33.43%) | 6786 (31.96%) | 1135 (46.12%) | ||
| Violent crime rates (per 10,000 persons) | 1(7.56–144.18) | 7965 (33.62%) | 7402 (34.86%) | 563 (22.88%) | <.0001 |
| 2(144.4–305.96) | 7812 (32.97%) | 6997 (32.96%) | 815 (33.12%) | ||
| 3(306.63–1134.59) | 7915 (33.41%) | 6832 (32.18%) | 1083 (44.01%) | ||
| Population density (persons per square km) | 1(113.53–6053.78) | 7888 (33.29%) | 7105 (33.47%) | 783 (31.82%) | <.0001 |
| 2(6055.46–9358.54) | 7946 (33.54%) | 7010 (33.02%) | 936 (38.03%) | ||
| 3(9370.49–32498.47) | 7858 (33.17%) | 7116 (33.52%) | 742 (30.15%) | ||
Abbreviations: CKD—Chronic Kidney Disease; std—Standard Deviation; HIV—Human Immunodeficiency Virus; m—meter; SES—Socioeconomic Status; km—kilometer; US—United States.