Table 2.
Association between neighborhood characteristics and chronic kidney disease.
| Characteristic | Category | Model 1* RR (95% CI) | Model 2** aRR (95% CI) | Model 3*** aRR (95% CI) | Model 4*** aRR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy food within 800 m | 1 (0) | 1.12 (0.9, 1.29) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) |
| 2 (0.5–0.99) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | |
| 3 (1.49–5.97) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Walk Score® | 1 (20.48–78) | 1.30 (1.12, 1.51) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) |
| 2 (78.09–86) | 1.48 (1.28, 1.71) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | |
| 3 (86.25–99) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| % ≥ high school education | 1 (41.9%-81.85%) | 1.73 (1.48, 2.03) | 1.28 (1.14, 1.42) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.36) | |
| 2 (82.04%-91.36%) | 1.60 (1.36, 1.89) | 1.23 (1.11, 1.38) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) | ||
| 3 (91.51%-100%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Median household income | 1 (9945–30786) | 1.90 (1.63, 2.21) | 1.35 (1.20, 1.51) | 1.27 (1.14, 1.43) | |
| 2 (31,124–57027) | 1.46 (1.25, 1.71) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.35) | ||
| 3 (57,039–149,211) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| % below poverty level | 1 (0.76%-16.84%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 2 (16.84%-32.11%) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.14) | ||
| 3 (32.45%-67.96%) | 1.41 (1.23, 1.61) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) | ||
| % non-Hispanic Black | 1 (0–12.4%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 (12.73%-70.11%) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.47) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.07) | |
| 3 (70.19%-99.85%) | 1.76 (1.52, 2.03) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.23) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | |
| % Hispanic | 1 (0–3.23%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 (3.28%-7.27%) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | |
| 3 (7.27%-90.63%) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | |
| Violent crime rates | 1 (7.56–144.18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 (144.4–305.96) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.51) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | |
| 3 (306.63–1134.59) | 1.54 (1.34, 1.78) | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.21) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.13) | |
| SES Index | 1 ((-10.66)-(-2.68)) | 2.00 (1.71, 2.34) | 1.41 (1.25, 1.58) | 1.36 (1.21, 1.52) | 1.46 (1.25, 1.69) |
| 2 ((-2.67)-4.46) | 1.62 (1.37, 1.92) | 1.30 (1.17, 1.46) | 1.30 (1.17, 1.45) | 1.35 (1.21, 1.52) | |
| 3 (4.47–14.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Social capital | 1 (0.56–0.59) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
| 2 (0.59–0.63) | 1.30 (1.13, 1.50) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | |
| 3 (0.63–0.72) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Abbreviations: RR-relative risk; aRR-adjusted relative risk; CI-Confidence Interval; m—Meters; SES—Socioeconomic Status.
Model 1: Unadjusted.
Model 2: Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and sex.
Model 3: Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and insurance type.
Model 4: All neighborhood measures modeled jointly in the same model. Also adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, insurance type.