Table 3.
Neighborhood characteristics of individuals with chronic kidney disease, stratified by blood pressure control status.
| Characteristic | Overall Cohort with CKD and >1 BP measurement Mean (SE) Median (IQR) |
Uncontrolled BPa Mean (SE) Median (IQR) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2441 | NO N = 836 (34.3%) |
YES N = 1605 (65.7%) |
||
| Healthy food stores per sq km within 800 m | 0.83 (0.81) | 0.86 (0.85) | 0.82 (0.78) | 0.20 |
| 0.5 (0, 1.49) | 0.5 (0, 1.49) | 0.5 (0, 0.99) | ||
| Walk Score® | 79.68 (12.3) | 79.11 (14.31) | 79.97 (11.1) | 0.12 |
| 81.86 (74.79, 87) | 81.67 (74, 88.08) | 81.86 (75, 86.25) | ||
| % persons ≥ high school | 83.48% (9.61) | 84.3% (9.91) | 83.05% (9.43) | <0.01 |
| 84.04 (78.37, 90.58) | 85.01 (78.54, 92.23) | 83.27 (78.18, 89.82) | ||
| median household income | 39759.68 (22641.9) | 43603.69 (24154.09) | 37757.43 (21550.5) | <.0001 |
| 32,984 (21,750, 53,233) | 37,130 (24941.5, 59,063) | 31,332 (21,106, 50,208) | ||
| % persons below poverty level | 28.85% (15) | 26.46% (15.02) | 30.09% (14.84) | <.0001 |
| 30.19 (15.77, 38.93) | 26.53 (13.42, 36.27) | 31.29 (16.97, 40.96) | ||
| SES Index | −0.66 (5.51) | 0.12 (5.84) | −1.06 (5.29) | <.0001 |
| −2.11 (−4.85, 3.43) | −1.37 (−4.64, 4.74) | −2.36 (−5.09, 1.67) | ||
| Social capital | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.0001 |
| 0.6 (0.59, 0.63) | 0.61 (0.59, 0.64) | 0.6 (0.59, 0.62) | ||
| % Hispanic | 9.23% (14.5) | 9.39% (14.79) | 9.15% (14.35) | 0.70 |
| 4.53 (2.46, 8.4) | 4.51 (2.43, 8.45) | 4.53 (2.51, 8.34) | ||
| % Non-Hispanic Black | 54.87% (34.54) | 49.44% (36.01) | 57.71% (33.41) | <.0001 |
| 65.01 (15.34, 88.2) | 53.86 (10.19, 87.33) | 68.42 (24, 88.36) | ||
| Population Density in sq km | 8022.6 (4022.12) | 8124.55 (4379.12) | 7969.5 (3823.34) | 0.39 |
| Violence crime rates per 10,000 population | 322.25 (214.6) | 304.92 (220.37) | 331.27 (211.04) | 0.004 |
| 273.21 (156.65, 455.99) | 247.69 (136.47, 418.44) | 276.6 (165.89, 473.7) | ||
Abbreviations: CKD—chronic kidney disease; BP—blood pressure; SE−standard error; IQR—interquartile range; m—meters; SES—socioeconomic status; sq—square; km--kilometers.
a
Uncontrolled blood pressure defined as ≥ 140 mmHg systolic and/or ≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic on at ≥ 1 measurement.