Table 4.
Neighborhood characteristics of individuals with chronic kidney disease, stratified by glycemic control status.
| Characteristic | Overall Cohort with CKD and ≥ Hemoglobin A1C Measurement Mean (SE) Median (IQR) |
Poor Glycemic Controla Mean (SE) Median (IQR) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2008 | NO N = 1170 (58.2%) |
YES N = 838 (41.7%) |
||
| Healthy food stores per sq km within 800 m | 0.84 (0.81) | 0.85 (0.84) | 0.83 (0.78) | 0.62 |
| 0.5 (0, 1.49) | 0.5 (0, 1.49) | 0.5 (0, 0.99) | ||
| Walk Score® | 80.11 (11.5) | 80.25 (12.08) | 79.92 (10.63) | 0.52 |
| 82 (75, 87) | 82.5 (75, 87.86) | 81.67 (75, 86) | ||
| % persons ≥ high school | 83.06% (9.54) | 83.61% (9.5) | 82.29% (9.56) | <0.01 |
| 83.36 (78.09, 89.64) | 84.12 (78.09, 90.4) | 82.98 (77.88, 88.82) | ||
| Median household income | 38315.21 (21661.13) | 39555.83 (22496.95) | 36583.07 (20323.93) | <0.01 |
| 32265.5 (21,495, 50,556) | 33,026 (21,667, 52,465) | 30,638 (21,106, 45,610) | ||
| % persons below poverty level | 29.65% (14.82) | 29.21% (15.35) | 30.27% (14.03) | 0.10 |
| 30.85 (16.95, 40.55) | 30.2 (15.77, 40.66) | 31.49 (18.41, 40.38) | ||
| SES Index | −0.95 (5.38) | −0.56 (5.64) | −1.48 (4.95) | <0.001 |
| −2.23 (−5.08, 1.78) | −2.07 (−4.85, 3.43) | −2.42 (−5.35, 1.09) | ||
| Social capital | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.61 (0.03) | 0.01 |
| 0.6 (0.59, 0.62) | 0.6 (0.59, 0.63) | 0.6 (0.59, 0.62) | ||
| % Hispanic | 9.36% (14.52) | 8.84% (14.13) | 10.07% (15.04) | 0.06 |
| 4.57 (2.46, 8.46) | 4.51 (2.42, 8.34) | 4.88 (2.51, 9.21) | ||
| % Non-Hispanic Black | 56.55% (33.81) | 55.13% (34.64) | 58.54% (32.55) | 0.02 |
| 66.76 (20.1, 88.2) | 65.01 (17.23, 88.2) | 68.85 (25.9, 88.2) | ||
| Violence crime rates per 10,000 population | 329.43 (213.69) | 329.36 (223.25) | 329.53 (199.71) | 0.98 |
| 276.6 (164.15, 466.81) | 272.63 (157.52, 466.81) | 287.94 (168.94, 466.81) | ||
| Population Density in sq km | 8107.09 (3929.34) | 8162.81 (3951.11) | 8029.3 (3899.77) | 0.45 |
Abbreviations: sq—square; km—kilometer; RR-relative risk; aRR-adjusted relative risk; CI-Confidence Interval; km—kilometer.
a
Poor Glycemic Control Defined as Hemoglobin A1C > 6.5% on ≥1 Measurement.