Table 1.
Demographic information and key variables at baseline.
| - | Placebo Group | Exenatide Group | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10 | 11 | |
| Age (years) | 74.0 ± 6.4 | 71.7 ± 6.9 | .445 |
| Sex | 4M/6F (60% F) | 7M/4F (36% F) | .395 |
| BMI | 26.9 ± 5.9 | 27.1 ± 3.4 | .941 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dl) | 93.8 ± 8.4 | 89.6 ± 7.4 | .258 |
| Fasting Insulin (μIU/ml) | 7.83 ± 4.8 | 8.1 ± 4.6 | .915 |
| HOMA2 %B | 85.0 ± 36.2 | 97.7 ± 37.9 | .477 |
| HOMA2 %S | 134.5 ± 68.3 | 122.5 ± 57.3 | .694 |
| HOMA2 IR | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | .914 |
| MMSE | 26.0 ± 3.5 | 25.5 ± 4.2 | .751 |
| CDR global 0.5/1.0 (n/n) | 9/1 | 8/3 | .586 |
| CDR sob | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | .564 |
| HDS | 4.2 ± 3.1 | 3.1 ± 2.6 | .435 |
| Plasma Aβ42 (pg/ml) | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | .057 |
| Plasma Aβ40 (pg/ml) | 38.7 ± 3.7 | 39.6 ± 3.5 | .921 |
| Plasma Aβ42 /Aβ40 (pg/ml) | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | .505 |
| CSF Aβ42 (pg/ml) | 77.6 ± 12.9 | 98.6 ± 12.3 | .809 |
| CSF Total tau (pg/ml) | 148.3 ± 13.9 | 152.4 ± 13.3 | .251 |
| CSF p181-tau (pg/ml) | 44.5 ± 8.7 | 60.3 ± 8.3 | .208 |
| EV p181-tau (AU) | 2017.9 ± 294.7 | 1841.0 ± 294.7 | .705 |
| EV pS-IRS1(AU) | 3219.5 ± 668.0 | 1962.0 ± 636.9 | .322 |
| EV pY-IRS1(AU) | 726.7 ± 449.9 | 350.2 ± 429.0 | .372 |
| EV Aβ42 (pg/ml) | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | .238 |
| EV Aβ40 (pg/ml) | 137.3 ± 16.5 | 78.0 ± 14.2 | .061 |
Demographic, metabolic, cognitive and plasma/CSF/EV biomarker variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Significances (P-value) were calculated using an independent samples t-test for continuous variables and a two-sided Fisher’s exact test for Sex and CDR global. Body Mass Index (BMI), HOMA2 %B/%S/%R: Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 beta-cell function / insulin sensitivity / insulin resistance, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Exam, CDR: clinical dementia rating, CDR sob: CDR sum-of-boxes, Aβ42: B-amyloid-42; Aβ40: B-amyloid-40, p181 tau: tau phosphorylated on threonine 181, pS-IRS1: insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylated on serine residues, pY-IRS1: insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. AU: arbitrary units, percent electrochemoluminescence signal of undiluted standard.