Table 3.
Rapid nucleic acid extraction platforms for pathogen detection in nasal samples.
| SampleType | Target Pathogen | Cell Lysis Method | Nucleic Acid Extraction Technique | Nucleic Acid Amplification Method | LOD/Extraction Efficiency | Total Sample-To-Answer/Sample Preparation Time | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal aspirate | Bordetella pertussis | Chemical lysis | On-chip SPE using silica beads | On-chip PCR | – | Less than 30 min (sample-to-answer) | Easley et al. (2006) |
| Nasopharyngeal swab | Influenza A virus | Chemical lysis | SPE using silica/polymer composite | On-chip RT-PCR | 103 copies/mL | ~3 h (sample-to-answer) | Cao et al. (2012) |
| Nasopharyngeal swab | Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) | Thermal lysis | Benchtop real-time RT-LAMP | 1.6 TCID50 per reaction | ~1 min (sample preparation) | Nie et al. (2012) | |
| Nasopharyngeal swab | Influenza A virus, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria | On-chip chemical lysis | SPE using porous membrane | Benchtop real-time RT-PCR | Higher or similar nucleic acid yields compared to commercial kits | ~10 min (sample preparation) | Van Heirstraeten et al. (2014) |
| Nasopharyngeal swab | Influenza A (H1N1) | Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane captures RNA-Glycoblue precipitate | Paper-based LAMP | 106 copies/mL | 45 min (sample-to-answer) | Rodriguez et al. (2015) | |
| Nasal swab | Methicillin-resistant S. aureus | Enzymatic lysis | Isothermal strand displacement amplification (iSDA) | ~5 × 103 copies per swab | 60 min (sample-to-answer) | Lafleur et al. (2016) | |
| Nasopharyngeal swabs | Respiratory syncytial virus | No nucleic acid extraction | Benchtop LAMP | ~2500 RNA copies per reaction | 30 min (sample-to-answer) | Hoos et al. (2017) | |
| Nasopharyngeal swabs and aspirates | Bordetella pertussis | After chemical lysis, crude lysate was used as template for DNA amplification | On-chip LAMP amplification | 5 CFU/reaction | 45 min (sample-to-answer) | Dou et al. (2019) | |