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. 2020 Sep 8;327:641–666. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.008

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Fig. 9 — pH-Responsive nanotherapies for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (A) Schematic of assembly of pH-sensitive polymeric prodrug micelles for RA. Reproduced with permission [188]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (B) Schematic illustration of GDR-improved anti-inflammatory effect of TPT in a mouse model of CIA. GDR improves anti-inflammatory effect of TPT through several mechanisms: (1) GDR itself had anti-inflammatory property via RAR signaling; (2) GDR-mediated macrophage-targeted TPT delivery; (3) pH-sensitive nanoparticle GDR allowed the release of TPT at the intracellular regions of inflamed site, thereby enhancing anti-arthritic effect and improving safety profile of TPT. GDR, all-trans-retinal-dextran conjugate grafted with galactose; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; TPT, triptolide. Reproduced with permission [192]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.