Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort, drug therapy and clinical outcomes during hospital stay.
| Overall (n = 844) | OAC (n = 65) | No-OAC (n = 779) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± s.d. | 63.4 ± 16.1 | 76.7 ± 11.6 | 62.3 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 521 (61.7) | 474 (60.9) | 47 (72.3) | 0.068 |
| Main cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 381 (45.1) | 48 (73.9) | 333 (42.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 140 (16.6) | 17 (26.2)27 | 123 (15.8) | 0.031 |
| Dyslipidemia | 201 (23.8) | (41.5) | 174 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| Smoke | 94 (11.1) | 8 (12.3) | 86 (11.0) | 0.755 |
| Obesity | 79 (9.4) | 10 (15.4) | 69 (8.9) | 0.083 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Heart failure | 78 (39 | 16 (24.6) | 23 (3) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | (4.6)9.2) | 54 (83.1) | 24 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 63 (7.5) | 12 (18.5) | 51 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 62 (7.4) | 17 (26.2) | 45 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 112 (13.3) | 19 (29.2) | 93 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 33 (3.9) | 10 (15.4) | 23 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Drug therapy, n (%) | ||||
| ACE-inhibitors | 122 (14.47) | 19 (29.3) | 103 (13.24) | <0.001 |
| ARBs | 119 (14.1) | 14 (21.5) | 105 (13.75) | 0.007 |
| Beta-blockers | 142 (16.8) | 20 (30.8) | 122 (15.7) | 0.002 |
| Calcium-antagonists | 105 (12.4) | 15 (23.1) | 90 (11.6) | 0.007 |
| Diuretics | 136 (16.1) | 27 (41.5) | 109 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| VKAs | 22 (2.6) | 22 (33.8) | NA | NA |
| DOACs | 43 (5.1) | 43 (66.2) | NA | NA |
| Antiplatelets | 130 (15.4) | 19 (29.2) | 111 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 177 (21.0) | 25 (38.5) | 152 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| AADs | 24 (2.8) | 12 (18.5) | 12 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings, median [IQR] | ||||
| WBC (109/L) | 6.0 [4.7–8.3] | 6.05 [4.63–7.93] | 5.97 [4.69–8.3] | 0.873 |
| Hb (g/dl) | 13.7 [12.5–14.8] | 12.6[11.1–14.2] | 13.7 [12.6–14.8] | <0.001 |
| Platelets (109/L) | 195 [152–260] | 164[142–245] | 195 [153–260] | 0.039 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95 [0.79–1.15] | 1.1[0.9–1.7] | 0.93 [0.78–1.12] | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (μg/L) | 883 [420–2357] | 567[239–893] | 1017[471–2736] | 0.027 |
| LDH (U/L) | 318 [239–430] | 346.5 [284–443] | 316 [238–430] | 0.076 |
| ALT (U/L) | 29 [19–47] | 23 [17–37] | 29 [20–48] | 0.015 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 19.0 [6.4–67.7] | 20.2 [8.3–81.8] | 19 [6.1–67] | 0.427 |
| Chest radiograph severity scoring system (Taylor et. al), median [IQR] | 2 [2–3] | 3 [2–4] | 2 [2–3] | 0.034 |
| Symptom onset to admission (days), median [IQR] | 7 [3−10] | 6 [3–9.5] | 7 [3–10] | 0.811 |
| Arterial blood gas analysis | ||||
| SaO2 (%), median [IQR] | 96 [93–98] | 94 [88–96] | 96 [93–98] | 0.001 |
| paO2/FiO2, median [IQR] | 310 [190–385] | 268 [148–340] | 314 [192–386] | 0.033 |
| Drug therapy, n (%) | ||||
| Antibiotics | 373(44.2) | 35(53.8) | 338 (43.4) | 0.103 |
| Antivirals | 467 (55.3) | 41 (63.1) | 426(54.7) | 0.191 |
| Steroids | 93 (11.0) | 6 (9.2) | 87(11.2) | 0.632 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 681(80.7) | 56 (86.1 | 625 (80.2) | 0.245 |
| Tocilizumab | 127(15.0) | 7(10.8) | 120(15.4) | 0.315 |
| Heparin | 394(46.7) | 37 (56.9) | 375 (45.8) | 0.085 |
| Myocardial injury, n (%) | 97 (11.5) | 11(16.9) | 86 (11.0) | 0.154 |
| Intensive care unit admission, n (%) | 46 (5.4) | 2(3.1) | 44(5.65) | 0.380 |
| Non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 288(34.1) | 31 (47.7) | 257(33) | 0.016 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome, n (%) | 183 (21.7) | 29(44.6) | 154 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay (days), median [IQR] | 9 [5–15] | 9 [5–14] | 9 [5–15] | 0.933 |
| Deaths, n (%) | 183 (21.7) | 29(44.6) | 154(19.8) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations
AADs: antiarrhythmic drugs
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ALT: alanine aminotransferase
ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers
CRP: C-reactive protein
DOAC: direct anticoagulants
FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen
Hb: hemoglobin
IQR: interquartile range
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase
NA: not available
s.d.: standard deviation
OAC: anticoagulants
paCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
paO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
SaO2: oxygen saturation
VKAs: vitamin k antagonists
WBC: white blood cells.