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. 2020 Sep 8;9:157. doi: 10.1038/s41377-020-00395-4

Fig. 4. Speculated electroluminescence mechanism.

Fig. 4

The electron or hole is captured by a Ce(III) ion to form Ce(II)* (top route) or Ce(IV) (bottom route); then, hole or electron injection brings the intermediate species to the excited Ce(III)* ion state