Fig. 4.

Antioxidant effects of A. hookeri leaf, root, and fermented root extracts. 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; 0.15 mM) in ethanol was mixed with the indicated concentration of each plant extract, 100 µg/mL vitamin C as a positive control, or ethanol only as a blank control. The OD at 517 nm was measured, and the scavenging ability was calculated. Each bar represents the mean±SD (n=3). Each value was compared by t-test with the control (ethanol alone). Significant differences are indicated as * P<0.05 and *** P<0.001.