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. 2020 Sep 7;11:4489. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18311-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a A general workflow developed for conducting HCC EV purification, followed by quantification of 10 HCC-specific mRNA transcripts in the purified HCC EVs. b Heatmaps depicting relative signal intensities for each gene expression of the 10 HCC-specific genes across different patient cohorts. (upper) Patients with newly diagnosed HCC (n = 46) are grouped according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system from early stages to advanced stages. (middle) Noncancer cohorts, including patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 26), chronic hepatitis (n = 25), and healthy donors (n = 23). (lower) Patients with cancers other than HCC (n = 38): cancers of nonhepatic origin metastatic to the liver (MET, n = 12); other primary cancers (n = 26), including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), prostate cancer, midgut neuroendocrine tumor (NET), breast cancer, and lung cancer. Primary copy numbers are log2-transformed for each gene across all disease states. Clinical characteristics for each cohort are listed in Supplementary Tables 4–8. HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, ALD alcoholic liver disease, NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.